TY - JOUR

T1 - Time matters

T2 - Temporally changing effects of planting schemes and insecticide treatment on native timber tree performance on former pasture

AU - Riedel, Judith

AU - Dorn, Silvia

AU - Plath, Mirco

AU - Potvin, Catherene

AU - Mody, Karsten

PY - 2013/6/1

Y1 - 2013/6/1

N2 - Reforestation of former pastures with native timber trees holds potential to improve small-scale farmers livelihoods while supporting ecosystem functioning and biological diversity. To promote successful reforestation with native tree species, more knowledge is needed, particularly on effects of species identity, tree diversity, and insecticide application on tree survival and growth at different time periods after plantation establishment. We assessed these effects for three native Central American timber species and compared results gained 2 and 5. years after tree establishment. Survival, stem diameter, and tree height were quantified for Tabebuia rosea, Anacardium excelsum, and Cedrela odorata, planted in (1) monocultures, (2) three-species mixtures, and (3) three-species mixtures treated with insecticides during the first 2. years of seedling establishment. We further tested how survival and growth performance were affected by the individual tree position within reforestation tree stands to account for border effects in small-scale tree patches in pasture-afforestations. Survival was significantly affected by tree species identity with the highest survival in T. rosea and the lowest survival in C. odorata. Tree growth was affected by tree species identity, tree diversity, insecticide treatment, environmental heterogeneity, and border effects, but these effects varied across the individual tree species. Interspecific analyses revealed significant differences between species. A. excelsum trees attained the largest and C. odorata the smallest size after 5. years of growth. Across species, tree growth in years 3-5 after tree planting was highest in mixtures treated with insecticides during tree establishment, followed by monocultures and then unprotected mixtures. Enhanced growth in monocultures compared to unprotected mixtures was particularly found in T. rosea during early establishment, and in A. excelsum at a later stage of tree stand development. Growth-enhancing effects of planting schemes may be related to differential responses to herbivore damage and to tree-tree competition. Positive border effects, i.e. a significantly enhanced growth at the border of a tree stand, were found for T. rosea in all three planting schemes and for A. excelsum in protected mixtures. Our results suggest that besides early, restricted insecticide application, tree diversity within stands should be considered as management measure to enhance timber tree growth on former pasture. The finding of enhanced growth of native timber trees at the border of small tree stands suggests small patches of native timber trees planted on former pasture as a promising reforestation strategy in Latin America.

AB - Reforestation of former pastures with native timber trees holds potential to improve small-scale farmers livelihoods while supporting ecosystem functioning and biological diversity. To promote successful reforestation with native tree species, more knowledge is needed, particularly on effects of species identity, tree diversity, and insecticide application on tree survival and growth at different time periods after plantation establishment. We assessed these effects for three native Central American timber species and compared results gained 2 and 5. years after tree establishment. Survival, stem diameter, and tree height were quantified for Tabebuia rosea, Anacardium excelsum, and Cedrela odorata, planted in (1) monocultures, (2) three-species mixtures, and (3) three-species mixtures treated with insecticides during the first 2. years of seedling establishment. We further tested how survival and growth performance were affected by the individual tree position within reforestation tree stands to account for border effects in small-scale tree patches in pasture-afforestations. Survival was significantly affected by tree species identity with the highest survival in T. rosea and the lowest survival in C. odorata. Tree growth was affected by tree species identity, tree diversity, insecticide treatment, environmental heterogeneity, and border effects, but these effects varied across the individual tree species. Interspecific analyses revealed significant differences between species. A. excelsum trees attained the largest and C. odorata the smallest size after 5. years of growth. Across species, tree growth in years 3-5 after tree planting was highest in mixtures treated with insecticides during tree establishment, followed by monocultures and then unprotected mixtures. Enhanced growth in monocultures compared to unprotected mixtures was particularly found in T. rosea during early establishment, and in A. excelsum at a later stage of tree stand development. Growth-enhancing effects of planting schemes may be related to differential responses to herbivore damage and to tree-tree competition. Positive border effects, i.e. a significantly enhanced growth at the border of a tree stand, were found for T. rosea in all three planting schemes and for A. excelsum in protected mixtures. Our results suggest that besides early, restricted insecticide application, tree diversity within stands should be considered as management measure to enhance timber tree growth on former pasture. The finding of enhanced growth of native timber trees at the border of small tree stands suggests small patches of native timber trees planted on former pasture as a promising reforestation strategy in Latin America.

KW - Ecosystems Research

KW - Canopy stratification

KW - Edge effects

KW - Herbivory

KW - Restoration

KW - Smallholder forestry

KW - Tree protection

KW - Canopy stratification

KW - Edge effects

KW - Herbivory

KW - Restoration

KW - Smallholder forestry

KW - Tree protection

KW - Sustainability Science

KW - Canopy stratification

KW - Edge effects

KW - Herbivory

KW - Restoration

KW - Smallholder forestry

KW - Tree protection

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=84875827066&partnerID=8YFLogxK

U2 - 10.1016/j.foreco.2013.02.003

DO - 10.1016/j.foreco.2013.02.003

M3 - Journal articles

AN - SCOPUS:84875827066

VL - 297

SP - 49

EP - 56

JO - Forest Ecology and Management

JF - Forest Ecology and Management

SN - 0378-1127

ER -