The quality of teaching and learning in schools is more critical than ever. To prepare students for the future, schools must incorporate a range of competencies, subject knowledge, and interdisciplinary skills. At the same time, global challenges such as (1) digitalization and e-learning, (2) balancing new skills for the future with core subject competencies, and (3) addressing student diversity are influencing education worldwide. Teachers and researchers must respond to these issues, and universities are exploring new ideas for inclusive, diverse classrooms. This book builds on previous work in teacher education between Chinese and German systems, examining innovations in subject-specific teaching in Germany and Mainland China (including Hong Kong). The contrast between these culturally different systems highlights similarities and differences in how they address these challenges. The chapter introduces the context for understanding these innovations and how they might inspire new ideas for teaching.