Artificial intelligence (AI) and its recent advancements pervade vast areas of education, the workplace, and society. As a driver of technological progress, AI has the potential to transform entire business areas, optimize the way we work and live together, and promote creativity. Concomitantly, it harbors the risk of biased algorithms, discrimination, and misinformation. Accordingly, it is now more important than ever to teach students—as potential future designers and users of AI systems—how to deal responsibly and ethically with AI. To support educators in conveying the responsible and ethical use of AI, we conducted a systematic literature review based on the PRISMA guideline. As a result, we present an overview of established and innovative methods of teaching AI ethics in K–12 and academic settings. We discuss these in terms of their effectiveness and grounding in learning theories and derive implications for theory and practice.