TY - JOUR

T1 - Biological nitrogen recirculation to food protein – A review

AU - Siddiqui, Shahida Anusha

AU - Pleissner, Daniel

AU - Pentjuss, Agris

AU - Gołaszewski, Janusz

AU - Karwowska, Anna

AU - Dace, Elina

AU - Pahmeyer, Maximillian

AU - Van Miert, Sabine

AU - Frooninckx, Lotte

AU - Broeckx, Laurens

AU - Heinz, Volker

AU - Smetana, Sergiy

N1 - Publisher Copyright: © 2023

PY - 2023/12/1

Y1 - 2023/12/1

N2 - Nitrogen is a part of a complex cycle with transformative reactions being not only an essential element for living organisms, but also facilitating negative environmental impacts as eutrophication and climate change. To reduce the negative environmental impacts, closing the nitrogen loop, reducing inputs of fossil-based synthetic nitrogen fertilizers, and returning nitrogen-rich material and waste streams back into the food system are essential. This review investigates the potential of nitrogen transformation technologies to return nitrogen to food systems from existing material streams, levelling the imbalances of the nitrogen cycle. Review of both conventional and biotechnological pathways for nitrogen recovery, as well as of legal aspects and safety issues uncovers the knowledge gaps, potentials, and barriers for making nitrogen circular in a food system context. Further a few technologies aiming the recirculation of the nitrogen disclosed as a basis for potential industrial scale up and implementation.

AB - Nitrogen is a part of a complex cycle with transformative reactions being not only an essential element for living organisms, but also facilitating negative environmental impacts as eutrophication and climate change. To reduce the negative environmental impacts, closing the nitrogen loop, reducing inputs of fossil-based synthetic nitrogen fertilizers, and returning nitrogen-rich material and waste streams back into the food system are essential. This review investigates the potential of nitrogen transformation technologies to return nitrogen to food systems from existing material streams, levelling the imbalances of the nitrogen cycle. Review of both conventional and biotechnological pathways for nitrogen recovery, as well as of legal aspects and safety issues uncovers the knowledge gaps, potentials, and barriers for making nitrogen circular in a food system context. Further a few technologies aiming the recirculation of the nitrogen disclosed as a basis for potential industrial scale up and implementation.

KW - Agricultural residues

KW - Food loss

KW - Food waste

KW - Nitrogen recirculation

KW - Protein

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85181537051&partnerID=8YFLogxK

UR - https://www.mendeley.com/catalogue/92f445d0-4be7-3347-b5f2-ac36225853c6/

U2 - 10.1016/j.clcb.2023.100056

DO - 10.1016/j.clcb.2023.100056

M3 - Scientific review articles

AN - SCOPUS:85181537051

VL - 6

JO - Cleaner and Circular Bioeconomy

JF - Cleaner and Circular Bioeconomy

SN - 2772-8013

M1 - 100056

ER -