TY - UNPB

T1 - Evidencing and Explaining Democratic Congruence

AU - Welzel, Christian

AU - Klingemann, Hans-Dieter

PY - 2008

Y1 - 2008

N2 - Data from 85 societies worldwide show that the supply and demand of democracy are dramatically more congruent when one substantiates supply and demand measures by genuine commitments to democracy defining freedoms. Using substantiated measures of both democratic supplies and demands, regression analyses suggest that congruence emerges from a statistically independent effect of prior democratic demands on subse-quent democratic supplies. Using multi-level models, we examine the mechanisms be-hind this effect. We find, first, that substantive demands for democracy arise in re-sponse to an increasing utility of freedoms, irrespective of the prior existence of democ-racy. Second, we find that substantive democratic demands have expressive utility and hence nurture expressive mass actions that make these demands felt, irrespective of repression. The utility logic guiding these mechanisms makes democratizing mass pres-sures possible. We conclude that the perspective of substantive democracy� is useful to evidence and understand a classic theme in political science: democratic congruence.

AB - Data from 85 societies worldwide show that the supply and demand of democracy are dramatically more congruent when one substantiates supply and demand measures by genuine commitments to democracy defining freedoms. Using substantiated measures of both democratic supplies and demands, regression analyses suggest that congruence emerges from a statistically independent effect of prior democratic demands on subse-quent democratic supplies. Using multi-level models, we examine the mechanisms be-hind this effect. We find, first, that substantive demands for democracy arise in re-sponse to an increasing utility of freedoms, irrespective of the prior existence of democ-racy. Second, we find that substantive democratic demands have expressive utility and hence nurture expressive mass actions that make these demands felt, irrespective of repression. The utility logic guiding these mechanisms makes democratizing mass pres-sures possible. We conclude that the perspective of substantive democracy� is useful to evidence and understand a classic theme in political science: democratic congruence.

KW - Politics

KW - congruence

KW - demand and supply of democracy

KW - substantive democracy

KW - Gender and Diversity

M3 - Working papers

T3 - World Values Research

SP - 57

EP - 94

BT - Evidencing and Explaining Democratic Congruence

PB - World Values Survey Association

ER -