TY - JOUR

T1 - Effect of thermo-mechanical conditions during constrained friction processing on the particle refinement of AM50 Mg-alloy phases

AU - de Castro, Camila Caroline

AU - Neves, André Martins

AU - Klusemann, Benjamin

N1 - Funding Information: The authors would like to acknowledge Prof. Dr. Norbert Hort and Mr. G\u00FCnter Meister from Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Institute of Metallic Biomaterials, for the supply, casting and heat treatment of the AM50 ingots used in this study. We thank Dr. Emad Maawad from the Institute of Materials Physics (Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon) and Mr. Chang Chan and Mr. Ting Chen from the Institute of Materials and Processing Design (Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon) for the assistance with the HEXRD measurements at the Deutsche Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY). The authors also aknowledge Dr. Junjun Shen and Mr. Menno Peters, Institue of Materials and Processing Design, respectively for the cientific and technical support. Publisher Copyright: © 2024

PY - 2024/4/17

Y1 - 2024/4/17

N2 - Constrained Friction Processing (CFP) is a novel solid-state processing technique suitable for lightweight materials, such Mg- and Al-alloys. The technique enables grain size refinement to fine or even ultrafine scale. In this study, the effect of CFP on the microstructural refinement of AM50 rods is investigated in terms of particle size and morphology of the eutectic and secondary phases originally present in the base material, in particular the eutectic β-Mg17Al12 and Al-Mn phases. For that purpose, as-cast and solution heat-treated base material and processed samples were analyzed. The Al8Mn5 intermetallic phase was identified as the main secondary phase present in all samples before and after the processing. A notorious refinement of these particles was observed, starting from particles with an average equivalent length of a few micrometers to around 560 nm after the processing. The refinement of the secondary phase refinement is attributed to a mechanism analogous to the attrition comminution, where the combination of temperature increase and shearing of the material enables the continuous breaking of the brittle intermetallic particles into smaller pieces. As for the eutectic phase, the results indicate the presence of the partially divorced β-Mg17Al12 particles exclusively in the as-cast base material, indicating that no further phase transformations regarding the eutectic phase, such as dynamic precipitation, occurred after the CFP. In the case of the processed as-cast material analyzed after the CFP, the thermal energy generated during the processing led to temperature values above the solvus limit of the eutectic phase, which associated with the mechanical breakage of the particles, enabled the complete dissolution of this phase. Therefore, CFP was successfully demonstrated to promote an extensive microstructure refinement in multiple aspects, in terms of grain sizes of the α-Mg phase and presence and morphology of the Al-Mn and eutectic β-Mg17Al12.

AB - Constrained Friction Processing (CFP) is a novel solid-state processing technique suitable for lightweight materials, such Mg- and Al-alloys. The technique enables grain size refinement to fine or even ultrafine scale. In this study, the effect of CFP on the microstructural refinement of AM50 rods is investigated in terms of particle size and morphology of the eutectic and secondary phases originally present in the base material, in particular the eutectic β-Mg17Al12 and Al-Mn phases. For that purpose, as-cast and solution heat-treated base material and processed samples were analyzed. The Al8Mn5 intermetallic phase was identified as the main secondary phase present in all samples before and after the processing. A notorious refinement of these particles was observed, starting from particles with an average equivalent length of a few micrometers to around 560 nm after the processing. The refinement of the secondary phase refinement is attributed to a mechanism analogous to the attrition comminution, where the combination of temperature increase and shearing of the material enables the continuous breaking of the brittle intermetallic particles into smaller pieces. As for the eutectic phase, the results indicate the presence of the partially divorced β-Mg17Al12 particles exclusively in the as-cast base material, indicating that no further phase transformations regarding the eutectic phase, such as dynamic precipitation, occurred after the CFP. In the case of the processed as-cast material analyzed after the CFP, the thermal energy generated during the processing led to temperature values above the solvus limit of the eutectic phase, which associated with the mechanical breakage of the particles, enabled the complete dissolution of this phase. Therefore, CFP was successfully demonstrated to promote an extensive microstructure refinement in multiple aspects, in terms of grain sizes of the α-Mg phase and presence and morphology of the Al-Mn and eutectic β-Mg17Al12.

KW - Al-Mn phases

KW - AM50

KW - Constrained friction processing

KW - Extrusion

KW - Refill friction stir spot welding

KW - β-MgAl

KW - Engineering

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85190721122&partnerID=8YFLogxK

U2 - 10.1016/j.jma.2024.04.002

DO - 10.1016/j.jma.2024.04.002

M3 - Journal articles

AN - SCOPUS:85190721122

JO - Journal of Magnesium and Alloys

JF - Journal of Magnesium and Alloys

SN - 2213-9567

ER -