In Australia, some Indigenous groups achieve sustainable positive outcomes from negotiated agreements, while others experience adverse cultural and social impacts. This discrepancy highlights the need for a more nuanced understanding of the factors that influence the success or failure of negotiated agreements. In this study, we explore how negotiated agreements can avoid marginalizing Indigenous aspirations and play a more consistent role in alleviating injustices and inequities faced by Indigenous communities in post-colonial contexts. Drawing on an in-depth analysis of established agreements between nine Indigenous communities and a large mining company operating in the Pilbara region, Western Australia, we identify culturally situated logics and practices that perpetuate colonial institutions and specify how these influence outcomes from negotiated agreements. By employing an anthropology of development lens, we decenter Western views about development and advocate for reflexive approaches to engagement that recognize Indigenous stakeholders as rightful custodians of the lands and resources that are subject to the agreements.