This paper deals with a Peltier cell used in an innovative manufacturing system with a cascaded Kalman filter (KF) structure to estimate states and parameters to be used in a closed loop control law. While disturbances, states, and parameters of the Peltier cell are estimated online using a cascaded Kalman filter structure, a sliding mode control (SMC) strategy is proposed to maintain the cold-side temperature even in the presence of disturbances. One theorem is given that allows the design of a constructive control strategy. Simulation results are shown and with them the effectiveness of the method.