In Germany the debate about the relationship between health and education has focused mainly on the question of how education affects health. However, for health promotion and prevention, particularly in educational settings, it is also relevant if and how health has an influence on education. Hence, the present paper provides an overview of international research results concerning the impact of health on education. According to the national health target "growing up healthy" the focus lies on nutrition, physical activity, and mental health. A systematic database search yielded a total of 39 longitudinal studies. Findings indicate that overweight, obesity, reduced physical activity, and mental health problems can have a negative impact on school performance (school grades), school attendance, and school completion as well as on entering/graduating from higher education. Furthermore, a number of third variables were identified (e. g., social status, degree of stigmatization). The results confirm the good and healthy school approach and provide advice for the implementation and evaluation of activities of school health promotion.