TY - JOUR

T1 - Material system analysis

T2 - Functional and nonfunctional cobalt in the EU, 2012–2016

AU - Godoy León, María Fernanda

AU - Matos, Cristina T.

AU - Georgitzikis, Konstantinos

AU - Mathieux, Fabrice

AU - Dewulf, Jo

N1 - Funding Information: informationSpecial Research Fund (BijzonderOnderzoeksfonds—BOF) from Ghent University under grant agreement number BOF.DOC.2017.0041.01This work was developed using the results achieved from the MSA of five battery raw materials, which are described in a JRC MSA report (https://doi.org/10.2760/519827) and individual publications of the authors. The five MSA were carried out in the context of an administrative arrangement between the Joint Research Centre and (JRC) Directorate General for Internal Market, Industry, Entrepreneurship, and SMEs (DG GROW) (Contract number SI2.790994) and under a service contract between the Joint Research Centre and (JRC) and Ghent University (Contract Number: JRC-PN-2019-000775). The authors acknowledge the contributions of the participants in the validation workshops of the five MSA held in September 2019. The authors would like to thank Constanze Veeh from DG GROW for her guidance to ensure that the technical and scientific work appropriately serves the policy needs, and Jaco Huisman for the ProSUM dataset on portable batteries, mobility batteries, e-bikes, and industrial batteries. Funding Information: Special Research Fund (BijzonderOnderzoeksfonds—BOF) from Ghent University under grant agreement number BOF.DOC.2017.0041.01 Publisher Copyright: © 2022 The Authors. Journal of Industrial Ecology published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of the International Society for Industrial Ecology.

PY - 2022/8

Y1 - 2022/8

N2 - A comprehensive data inventory of the current materials cycle in industry and society is crucial for an informed discussion and for decision-making on the supply of raw materials. Particularly, it is key to understand how these materials are functionally and nonfunctionally recycled, and enable the assessment of recycling indicators needed for the monitoring of circular economy. In this context, a material system analysis (MSA) of cobalt for the European Union (EU) from 2012 to 2016 is presented and discussed. Detailed results are provided for the year 2016, and the evolution of the flows over time is presented from 2012 to 2016. In addition, six indicators are calculated to characterize the cobalt cycle. In 2016, the EU28 embedded around 24,000 metric tons (t) of cobalt in manufactured products, and 33,700 t were put into use. The main losses of the system are due to nonselective collection of postconsumer waste (disposed), and nonfunctional recycling of old scrap. From the years analyzed, it was possible to detect a shift in the imports; the import of primary material decreased more than 99% between 2012 and 2016, and the import of semiprocessed and processed materials increased around 31% in the same period. This indicates that after 2012, the EU became more dependent on imports in downstream stages of the supply chain. One way to decrease this dependency is to establish higher collection targets, and to establish recycling targets based on the recovery of single materials, in order to decrease the amount dissipated through nonfunctional recycling.

AB - A comprehensive data inventory of the current materials cycle in industry and society is crucial for an informed discussion and for decision-making on the supply of raw materials. Particularly, it is key to understand how these materials are functionally and nonfunctionally recycled, and enable the assessment of recycling indicators needed for the monitoring of circular economy. In this context, a material system analysis (MSA) of cobalt for the European Union (EU) from 2012 to 2016 is presented and discussed. Detailed results are provided for the year 2016, and the evolution of the flows over time is presented from 2012 to 2016. In addition, six indicators are calculated to characterize the cobalt cycle. In 2016, the EU28 embedded around 24,000 metric tons (t) of cobalt in manufactured products, and 33,700 t were put into use. The main losses of the system are due to nonselective collection of postconsumer waste (disposed), and nonfunctional recycling of old scrap. From the years analyzed, it was possible to detect a shift in the imports; the import of primary material decreased more than 99% between 2012 and 2016, and the import of semiprocessed and processed materials increased around 31% in the same period. This indicates that after 2012, the EU became more dependent on imports in downstream stages of the supply chain. One way to decrease this dependency is to establish higher collection targets, and to establish recycling targets based on the recovery of single materials, in order to decrease the amount dissipated through nonfunctional recycling.

KW - batteries

KW - cobalt

KW - industrial ecology

KW - life cycle

KW - material flow analysis

KW - recycling

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85134052374&partnerID=8YFLogxK

U2 - 10.1111/jiec.13281

DO - 10.1111/jiec.13281

M3 - Journal articles

AN - SCOPUS:85134052374

VL - 26

SP - 1277

EP - 1293

JO - Journal of Industrial Ecology

JF - Journal of Industrial Ecology

SN - 1088-1980

IS - 4

ER -