Generalizing Trust: How Out-Group Trust Grows Beyond In-Group Trust
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2012. p. 49-74 (World Values Research; Vol. 5, No. 3).
Research output: Working paper › Working papers
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TY - UNPB
T1 - Generalizing Trust
T2 - How Out-Group Trust Grows Beyond In-Group Trust
AU - Delhey, Jan
AU - Welzel, Christian
PY - 2012
Y1 - 2012
N2 - Trust in other people is general when it includes remote and dissimilar others (i.e., out-groups). But whether trust in outgroups can be created independently of trust in in-groups is controversial, and conclusive evidence has been unavailable so far. This article fills this gap, analyzing under which conditions outgroup-trust emerges independent of ingroup-trust. Using data of fifty societies from the most recent World Values Surveys, we establish four insights. First, a high level of ingroup-trust is so common that it comes close to an anthropological universal. Second, outgroup-trust varies greatly and is only--yet not always--high when ingroup-trust is high. Third, a society’s outgroup-trust ex-tends beyond the level projected by ingroup-trust when human empowerment diminish-es people’s dependence on ingroups and opens them to cooperation with outgroups. Fourth, neither cultural legacies nor social divisions absorb the effects of empowerment and cooperation. To a large extent, trust generalizes to outgroups as a result of moder-nity’s emancipative impulses.
AB - Trust in other people is general when it includes remote and dissimilar others (i.e., out-groups). But whether trust in outgroups can be created independently of trust in in-groups is controversial, and conclusive evidence has been unavailable so far. This article fills this gap, analyzing under which conditions outgroup-trust emerges independent of ingroup-trust. Using data of fifty societies from the most recent World Values Surveys, we establish four insights. First, a high level of ingroup-trust is so common that it comes close to an anthropological universal. Second, outgroup-trust varies greatly and is only--yet not always--high when ingroup-trust is high. Third, a society’s outgroup-trust ex-tends beyond the level projected by ingroup-trust when human empowerment diminish-es people’s dependence on ingroups and opens them to cooperation with outgroups. Fourth, neither cultural legacies nor social divisions absorb the effects of empowerment and cooperation. To a large extent, trust generalizes to outgroups as a result of moder-nity’s emancipative impulses.
KW - Politics
KW - Demokratieforschung
KW - Politische Kulturforschung
KW - Gender and Diversity
M3 - Working papers
T3 - World Values Research
SP - 49
EP - 74
BT - Generalizing Trust
ER -