Biological Degradation of Cyclophosphamide and its Occurrence in Sewage Water
Publikation: Beiträge in Zeitschriften › Zeitschriftenaufsätze › Forschung › begutachtet
Standard
in: Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, Jahrgang 36, Nr. 2, 01.03.1997, S. 174-179.
Publikation: Beiträge in Zeitschriften › Zeitschriftenaufsätze › Forschung › begutachtet
Harvard
APA
Vancouver
Bibtex
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
T1 - Biological Degradation of Cyclophosphamide and its Occurrence in Sewage Water
AU - Steger-Hartmann, Thomas
AU - Kümmerer, Klaus
AU - Hartmann, A.
PY - 1997/3/1
Y1 - 1997/3/1
N2 - The mutagenic and cancerogenic antineoplastic agent cyclophosphamide (CP) is released into sewage water by cancer patient excretion. To assess the biological degradability of CP two standardized test systems, the Zahn- Wellens/EMPA test (OECD 302B) and a laboratory scale sewage treatment plant, were used. In both test systems the agent exhibited only poor degradability. To verify the expected occurrence of CP in hospital sewage, water samples were analyzed for CP with GC/MS after enrichment by solid-phase extraction. CP could be detected in concentrations ranging from 20 ng/L to 4.5 μg/L. The occurrence of the agent could also be proved in samples from the influent and the effluent of the communal sewage treatment plant into which the hospital's sewage water is shed. Concentrations ranged from 7 to 143 ng/L. In an attempt to assess the contribution of CP to the genotoxicity detected in hospital waste water in a recent study, the effects of CP in the umuC test, a bacterial genotoxicity assay, were investigated. However, no genotoxic effects of CP were found up to concentrations of 1 g/L.
AB - The mutagenic and cancerogenic antineoplastic agent cyclophosphamide (CP) is released into sewage water by cancer patient excretion. To assess the biological degradability of CP two standardized test systems, the Zahn- Wellens/EMPA test (OECD 302B) and a laboratory scale sewage treatment plant, were used. In both test systems the agent exhibited only poor degradability. To verify the expected occurrence of CP in hospital sewage, water samples were analyzed for CP with GC/MS after enrichment by solid-phase extraction. CP could be detected in concentrations ranging from 20 ng/L to 4.5 μg/L. The occurrence of the agent could also be proved in samples from the influent and the effluent of the communal sewage treatment plant into which the hospital's sewage water is shed. Concentrations ranged from 7 to 143 ng/L. In an attempt to assess the contribution of CP to the genotoxicity detected in hospital waste water in a recent study, the effects of CP in the umuC test, a bacterial genotoxicity assay, were investigated. However, no genotoxic effects of CP were found up to concentrations of 1 g/L.
KW - antineoplastic
KW - Antineoplastic Agents
KW - ASSAY
KW - BACTERIAL
KW - Biological
KW - BLADDER
KW - CANCER
KW - CARCINOGENS
KW - CHEMICALS
KW - communal sewage
KW - concentration
KW - CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE
KW - DEGRADABILITY
KW - Degradation
KW - DRUGS
KW - effect
KW - effects
KW - effluent
KW - EXCRETION
KW - EXTRACTION
KW - GC
KW - MS
KW - genotoxicity
KW - hospital
KW - hospital sewage
KW - mutagens
KW - occurrence
KW - OECD
KW - PATIENT
KW - PLANT
KW - SAMPLES
KW - sewage
KW - sewage treatment
KW - sewage treatment plant
KW - SEWAGE WATER
KW - SEWAGE-TREATMENT
KW - solid phase extraction
KW - SOLID-PHASE EXTRACTION
KW - SYSTEM
KW - SYSTEMS
KW - Test
KW - treatment
KW - TREATMENT-PLANT
KW - umuC
KW - waste water
KW - WASTE-WATER
KW - WATER
KW - WATER SAMPLES
KW - Chemistry
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=0031105636&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1006/eesa.1996.1506
DO - 10.1006/eesa.1996.1506
M3 - Journal articles
VL - 36
SP - 174
EP - 179
JO - Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety
JF - Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety
SN - 0147-6513
IS - 2
ER -