TY - JOUR

T1 - Spanish-speaking caregivers’ use of referential labels with toddlers is a better predictor of later vocabulary than their use of referential gestures

AU - Bang, Janet Y.

AU - Bohn, Manuel

AU - Ramírez, Joel

AU - Marchman, Virginia A.

AU - Fernald, Anne

N1 - Funding Information: We are grateful to the families for their contribution to this research. We would also like to thank Jazmin Reyes for her work on the reliability coding, and to Vanessa Bermudez, Mónica A. Munévar, Arlyn Mora, Ruby Roldan, Karina Gonzalez, and the Language Learning Lab staff for their contributions to data management and collection. This work was supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health (R01 HD42235, HD 069150, HD092343), the Schusterman Foundation, the W.K. Kellogg Foundation, the David and Lucile Packard Foundation, and the Bezos Family Foundation to Anne Fernald, and a Postdoctoral Support Award from the Stanford School of Medicine and Child Health Research Institute to Janet Bang. Manuel Bohn received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska‐Curie grant agreement no. 749229. Joel Ramírez, Jr. received funding from the Linguistics summer research internship and the Undergraduate Advising and Research program from Stanford University. Publisher Copyright: © 2022 The Authors. Developmental Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

PY - 2023/7/1

Y1 - 2023/7/1

N2 - Variation in how frequently caregivers engage with their children is associated with variation in children's later language outcomes. One explanation for this link is that caregivers use both verbal behaviors, such as labels, and non-verbal behaviors, such as gestures, to help children establish reference to objects or events in the world. However, few studies have directly explored whether language outcomes are more strongly associated with referential behaviors that are expressed verbally, such as labels, or non-verbally, such as gestures, or whether both are equally predictive. Here, we observed caregivers from 42 Spanish-speaking families in the US engage with their 18-month-old children during 5-min lab-based, play sessions. Children's language processing speed and vocabulary size were assessed when children were 25 months. Bayesian model comparisons assessed the extent to which the frequencies of caregivers’ referential labels, referential gestures, or labels and gestures together, were more strongly associated with children's language outcomes than a model with caregiver total words, or overall talkativeness. The best-fitting models showed that children who heard more referential labels at 18 months were faster in language processing and had larger vocabularies at 25 months. Models including gestures, or labels and gestures together, showed weaker fits to the data. Caregivers’ total words predicted children's language processing speed, but predicted vocabulary size less well. These results suggest that the frequency with which caregivers of 18-month-old children use referential labels, more so than referential gestures, is a critical feature of caregiver verbal engagement that contributes to language processing development and vocabulary growth. Research Highlights: We examined the frequency of referential communicative behaviors, via labels and/or gestures, produced by caregivers during a 5-min play interaction with their 18-month-old children. We assessed predictive relations between labels, gestures, their combination, as well as total words spoken, and children's processing speed and vocabulary growth at 25 months. Bayesian model comparisons showed that caregivers’ referential labels at 18 months best predicted both 25-month vocabulary measures, although total words also predicted later processing speed. Frequent use of referential labels by caregivers, more so than referential gestures, is a critical feature of communicative behavior that supports children's later vocabulary learning.

AB - Variation in how frequently caregivers engage with their children is associated with variation in children's later language outcomes. One explanation for this link is that caregivers use both verbal behaviors, such as labels, and non-verbal behaviors, such as gestures, to help children establish reference to objects or events in the world. However, few studies have directly explored whether language outcomes are more strongly associated with referential behaviors that are expressed verbally, such as labels, or non-verbally, such as gestures, or whether both are equally predictive. Here, we observed caregivers from 42 Spanish-speaking families in the US engage with their 18-month-old children during 5-min lab-based, play sessions. Children's language processing speed and vocabulary size were assessed when children were 25 months. Bayesian model comparisons assessed the extent to which the frequencies of caregivers’ referential labels, referential gestures, or labels and gestures together, were more strongly associated with children's language outcomes than a model with caregiver total words, or overall talkativeness. The best-fitting models showed that children who heard more referential labels at 18 months were faster in language processing and had larger vocabularies at 25 months. Models including gestures, or labels and gestures together, showed weaker fits to the data. Caregivers’ total words predicted children's language processing speed, but predicted vocabulary size less well. These results suggest that the frequency with which caregivers of 18-month-old children use referential labels, more so than referential gestures, is a critical feature of caregiver verbal engagement that contributes to language processing development and vocabulary growth. Research Highlights: We examined the frequency of referential communicative behaviors, via labels and/or gestures, produced by caregivers during a 5-min play interaction with their 18-month-old children. We assessed predictive relations between labels, gestures, their combination, as well as total words spoken, and children's processing speed and vocabulary growth at 25 months. Bayesian model comparisons showed that caregivers’ referential labels at 18 months best predicted both 25-month vocabulary measures, although total words also predicted later processing speed. Frequent use of referential labels by caregivers, more so than referential gestures, is a critical feature of communicative behavior that supports children's later vocabulary learning.

KW - communicative reference

KW - gestures

KW - labels

KW - language processing

KW - vocabulary size

KW - word learning

KW - Psychology

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85145213358&partnerID=8YFLogxK

UR - https://www.mendeley.com/catalogue/0a16965e-ee8e-3374-a2f3-d56fd473643a/

U2 - 10.1111/desc.13354

DO - 10.1111/desc.13354

M3 - Journal articles

C2 - 36455153

AN - SCOPUS:85145213358

VL - 26

JO - Developmental Science

JF - Developmental Science

SN - 1363-755X

IS - 4

M1 - e13354

ER -