Part II deals with the normative theories of Herbert Spencer and Emile Durkheim. First the theory of distributive justice that can be found in Spencer's system of "rational utilitarianism", the main principles of Spencer's political philosophy and his double conception of ethical argumentation (hedonistic utilitarianism and evolutionary ethics) are outlined. Durkheim was one of the most severe critics of Spencer and the English tradition of ethical individualism. His arguments against utilitarianism are summed up and his views of what he saw as a "normal" condition of equality and justice are presented in a critical discussion.