Genotoxic effect of ciprofloxacin during photolytic decomposition monitored by the in vitro micronucleus test (MNvit) in HepG2 cells
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In: Environmental Science and Pollution Research, Vol. 19, No. 5, 06.2012, p. 1719-1727.
Research output: Journal contributions › Journal articles › Research › peer-review
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TY - JOUR
T1 - Genotoxic effect of ciprofloxacin during photolytic decomposition monitored by the in vitro micronucleus test (MNvit) in HepG2 cells
AU - Garcia-Käufer, Manuel
AU - Bergheim, Marlies
AU - Gminski, Richard
AU - Gupta, Preeti
AU - Mathur, Nupur
AU - Kümmerer, Klaus
AU - Mersch-Sundermann, Volker
AU - Haddad, Tarek
PY - 2012/6
Y1 - 2012/6
N2 - Purpose: Ciprofloxacin (CIP), a broad-spectrum, second-generation fluoroquinolone, has frequently been found in hospital wastewaters and effluents of sewage treatment plants. CIP is scarcely biodegradable, has toxic effects on microorganisms and is photosensitive. The aim of this study was to assess the genotoxic potential of CIP in human HepG2 liver cells during photolysis. Methods: Photolysis of CIP was performed in aqueous solution by irradiation with an Hg lamp, and transformation products were monitored by HPLC-MS/MS and by the determination of dissolved organic carbon (DOC). The cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of CIP and of the irradiated samples were determined after 24 h of exposure using the WST-1 assay and the in vitro micronucleus (MN) test in HepG2 cells. Results: The concentration of CIP decreased during photolysis, whereas the content of DOC remained unchanged. CIP and its transformation products were not cytotoxic towards HepG2 cells. A concentration-dependent increase of MN frequencies was observed for the parent compound CIP (lowest observed effect level, 1. 2 μmol L -1). Furthermore, CIP and the irradiated samples were found to be genotoxic with a significant increase relative to the parent compound after 32 min (P < 0. 05). A significant reduction of genotoxicity was found after 2 h of irradiation (P < 0. 05). Conclusions: Photolytic decomposition of aqueous CIP leads to genotoxic transformation products. This proves that irradiated samples of CIP are able to exert heritable genotoxic effects on human liver cells in vitro. Therefore, photolysis as a technique for wastewater treatment needs to be evaluated in detail in further studies, not only for CIP but in general.
AB - Purpose: Ciprofloxacin (CIP), a broad-spectrum, second-generation fluoroquinolone, has frequently been found in hospital wastewaters and effluents of sewage treatment plants. CIP is scarcely biodegradable, has toxic effects on microorganisms and is photosensitive. The aim of this study was to assess the genotoxic potential of CIP in human HepG2 liver cells during photolysis. Methods: Photolysis of CIP was performed in aqueous solution by irradiation with an Hg lamp, and transformation products were monitored by HPLC-MS/MS and by the determination of dissolved organic carbon (DOC). The cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of CIP and of the irradiated samples were determined after 24 h of exposure using the WST-1 assay and the in vitro micronucleus (MN) test in HepG2 cells. Results: The concentration of CIP decreased during photolysis, whereas the content of DOC remained unchanged. CIP and its transformation products were not cytotoxic towards HepG2 cells. A concentration-dependent increase of MN frequencies was observed for the parent compound CIP (lowest observed effect level, 1. 2 μmol L -1). Furthermore, CIP and the irradiated samples were found to be genotoxic with a significant increase relative to the parent compound after 32 min (P < 0. 05). A significant reduction of genotoxicity was found after 2 h of irradiation (P < 0. 05). Conclusions: Photolytic decomposition of aqueous CIP leads to genotoxic transformation products. This proves that irradiated samples of CIP are able to exert heritable genotoxic effects on human liver cells in vitro. Therefore, photolysis as a technique for wastewater treatment needs to be evaluated in detail in further studies, not only for CIP but in general.
KW - Chemistry
KW - Ciprofloxacin
KW - Cytotoxicity
KW - Fluoroquinolones
KW - Genotoxicity
KW - Hepatoma cell line (HepG2)
KW - Micronucleus test (MNvit)
KW - Photo-oxidation
KW - Photolysis
KW - Transformation products
KW - Wastewater treatment
KW - Sustainability Science
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=84863205735&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1007/s11356-011-0686-y
DO - 10.1007/s11356-011-0686-y
M3 - Journal articles
C2 - 22161117
VL - 19
SP - 1719
EP - 1727
JO - Environmental Science and Pollution Research
JF - Environmental Science and Pollution Research
SN - 1614-7499
IS - 5
ER -