TY - JOUR

T1 - Long-term retrospective analysis of the societal metabolism of cobalt in the European Union

AU - Godoy León, María Fernanda

AU - Blengini, Gian Andrea

AU - Matos, Cristina T.

AU - Dewulf, Jo

N1 - Funding Information: Financial support from the Special Research Fund (Bijzonder Onderzoeksfonds – BOF ) from Ghent University under grant agreement number BOF . DOC. 2017.0041.01 is gratefully acknowledged. FWO and CWO are acknowledged for their long study leave abroad grants (codes V431720N and 200925_aA0W4, respectively), which took place at Freiburg University. The icons used in Fig. 1 are attributed to the website www.flaticon.com . Funding Information: In addition, different datasets for the model parameters (e.g. lifetimes, collection rates, scrap recoveries) were used per period when data were available (see supporting information (SI)).Furthermore, the manufacturing demand obtained with both datasets is compared to the annual price of Co (see SI). The demand obtained with the dataset from Eurostat is better correlated with the fluctuations of the market. Based on these arguments, the following sections focus on the results obtained with the Eurostat dataset. For the UN Comtrade dataset, the results are shown in the SI. This decision is also supported by the recent study of Watari et al. (2020), in which data from the UN Comtrade database were avoided due to inconsistent trade data between countries.Financial support from the Special Research Fund (Bijzonder Onderzoeksfonds – BOF) from Ghent University under grant agreement number BOF. DOC. 2017.0041.01 is gratefully acknowledged. FWO and CWO are acknowledged for their long study leave abroad grants (codes V431720N and 200925_aA0W4, respectively), which took place at Freiburg University. The icons used in Fig. 1 are attributed to the website www.flaticon.com. Publisher Copyright: © 2022 Elsevier Ltd

PY - 2022/3/1

Y1 - 2022/3/1

N2 - A proper understanding of the historical societal metabolism of cobalt (Co) in the European Union (EU) is lacking, resulting in a serious weakness in identifying potential sources of secondary materials, enhancing circularity, and improving forecasting assessments. A retrospective dynamic material flow analysis was performed to assess the stocks and flows of Co in the EU27, considering a number of Co-containing commodities and final metal products. Detailed results are provided for the year 2018, and the evolution of the stocks and flows over time is presented from 1955 to 2018. The results for 2018 indicate that the largest stock in the EU was the landfill stock, with around 166,000 metric tons of Co (35% of the total stock in that year), followed by the in-use stock, with around 157,000 metric tons of Co (33% of the total stock). From 1970 onwards, the in-use stock has doubled its size every 10 or 11 years and the landfill stock every eight years. A sensitivity analysis was performed with eight sets of parameters to determine their impact on the stocks in 2018. Six of them have a marginal impact on the stocks. The in-use stock and the stock of losses are mainly affected by the data uncertainty related to the end-use demand of Co and the lifetimes of the applications (between 4 and 22% in absolute terms for the in-use stock, and between 7 and 27% in absolute terms for the stock of losses).

AB - A proper understanding of the historical societal metabolism of cobalt (Co) in the European Union (EU) is lacking, resulting in a serious weakness in identifying potential sources of secondary materials, enhancing circularity, and improving forecasting assessments. A retrospective dynamic material flow analysis was performed to assess the stocks and flows of Co in the EU27, considering a number of Co-containing commodities and final metal products. Detailed results are provided for the year 2018, and the evolution of the stocks and flows over time is presented from 1955 to 2018. The results for 2018 indicate that the largest stock in the EU was the landfill stock, with around 166,000 metric tons of Co (35% of the total stock in that year), followed by the in-use stock, with around 157,000 metric tons of Co (33% of the total stock). From 1970 onwards, the in-use stock has doubled its size every 10 or 11 years and the landfill stock every eight years. A sensitivity analysis was performed with eight sets of parameters to determine their impact on the stocks in 2018. Six of them have a marginal impact on the stocks. The in-use stock and the stock of losses are mainly affected by the data uncertainty related to the end-use demand of Co and the lifetimes of the applications (between 4 and 22% in absolute terms for the in-use stock, and between 7 and 27% in absolute terms for the stock of losses).

KW - Cobalt

KW - Critical raw materials

KW - Dynamic material flow Analysis

KW - Recycling

KW - Retrospective analysis

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85123889291&partnerID=8YFLogxK

U2 - 10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.130437

DO - 10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.130437

M3 - Journal articles

AN - SCOPUS:85123889291

VL - 338

JO - Journal of Cleaner Production

JF - Journal of Cleaner Production

SN - 0959-6526

M1 - 130437

ER -