Bibliographische Notiz

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We are grateful for all the support provided by the RSC, in particular to Geraldine Hay.

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One Latin American science success in history, in terms of investment and thus knowledge generation, is Brazil. Part of this success is due to the creation in 1951 of the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES) and the National Research Council (now CNPq) governmental bodies in charge of formulating and executing science policy, assessment, and education. Although part of the research in chemistry is carried out in the National Research Institutes, approximately 90% of chemistry in Brazil is associated with the 74 postgraduate programs, primarily in public universities. Chemistry in Brazil experienced signicant growth at the beginning of the 21st century due to a continuous increase in the budget dedicated to science since 2004. This budget rose in 2015, 350% more than in 2004. The investment growth was accompanied by an increase in the number of PhD graduates (from 8000 per year to approximately 19 000 per year in the period 2004–2015) and in the number of scientic publications, in which Brazil is currently the 13th country in the ranking of scientic publications,14 being responsible for approximately 2% of all scientic papers published in the world in 2020. However, the increasing trend in the budget for Science and Technology reversed aer 2015 and experienced a steady decline year aer year, reaching in 2021 the lowest budget in the entire history of the sector (only one-third of the total invested ten years ago).