TY - JOUR

T1 - Brominated flame retardants and dechlorane plus in the marine atmosphere from Southeast Asia toward Antarctica

AU - Möller, Axel

AU - Xie, Zhiyong

AU - Cai, Minghong

AU - Sturm, Renate

AU - Ebinghaus, Ralf

PY - 2012/3/20

Y1 - 2012/3/20

N2 - The occurrence, distribution, and temperature dependence in the marine atmosphere of several alternative brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Dechlorane Plus (DP) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were investigated during a sampling cruise from the East Indian Archipelago toward the Indian Ocean and further to the Southern Ocean. Elevated concentrations were observed over the East Indian Archipelago, especially of the non-PBDE BFR hexabromobenzene (HBB) with concentrations up to 26 pg m-3 which were found to be related to continental air masses from the East Indian Archipelago. Other alternative BFRs- pentabromotoulene (PBT), pentabromobenzene (PBBz), and 2,3-dibromopropyl-2,4,6-tribromophenyl ether (DPTE)-were elevated, too, with concentrations up to 2.8, 4.3, and 2.3 pg m-3, respectively. DP was detected from 0.26 to 11 pg m-3 and bis-(2-ethylhexyl)- tetrabromophthalate (TBPH) ranged from not detected (nd) to 2.8 pg m -3, respectively. PBDEs ranged from nd to 6.6 pg m-3 (∑10PBDEs) with the highest individual concentrations for BDE-209. The approach of Clausius-Clapeyron (CC) plots indicates that HBB is dominated by long-range atmospheric transport at lower temperatures over the Indian and Southern Ocean, while volatilization processes and additional atmospheric emissions dominate at higher temperatures. In contrast, BDE-28 and -47 are dominated by long-range transport without fresh emissions over the entire cruise transect and temperature range, indicating limited fresh emissions of the meanwhile classic PBDEs.

AB - The occurrence, distribution, and temperature dependence in the marine atmosphere of several alternative brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Dechlorane Plus (DP) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were investigated during a sampling cruise from the East Indian Archipelago toward the Indian Ocean and further to the Southern Ocean. Elevated concentrations were observed over the East Indian Archipelago, especially of the non-PBDE BFR hexabromobenzene (HBB) with concentrations up to 26 pg m-3 which were found to be related to continental air masses from the East Indian Archipelago. Other alternative BFRs- pentabromotoulene (PBT), pentabromobenzene (PBBz), and 2,3-dibromopropyl-2,4,6-tribromophenyl ether (DPTE)-were elevated, too, with concentrations up to 2.8, 4.3, and 2.3 pg m-3, respectively. DP was detected from 0.26 to 11 pg m-3 and bis-(2-ethylhexyl)- tetrabromophthalate (TBPH) ranged from not detected (nd) to 2.8 pg m -3, respectively. PBDEs ranged from nd to 6.6 pg m-3 (∑10PBDEs) with the highest individual concentrations for BDE-209. The approach of Clausius-Clapeyron (CC) plots indicates that HBB is dominated by long-range atmospheric transport at lower temperatures over the Indian and Southern Ocean, while volatilization processes and additional atmospheric emissions dominate at higher temperatures. In contrast, BDE-28 and -47 are dominated by long-range transport without fresh emissions over the entire cruise transect and temperature range, indicating limited fresh emissions of the meanwhile classic PBDEs.

KW - Chemistry

KW - Antarctica

KW - Atmospheric emission

KW - Atmospheric transport

KW - Bde-209

KW - Brominated flame retardants

KW - Brominated flame retardants (BFRs)

KW - Continental air mass

KW - Dechlorane plus

KW - Elevated concentrations

KW - Hexabromobenzene

KW - Higher temperatures

KW - Indian ocean

KW - Long range transport

KW - Marine atmosphere

KW - Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDEs)

KW - Southeast Asia

KW - Southern ocean

KW - Temperature dependence

KW - Temperature range

KW - Volatilization process

UR - https://www.scopus.com/record/display.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84858638752&origin=inward&txGid=0

U2 - 10.1021/es300138q

DO - 10.1021/es300138q

M3 - Journal articles

C2 - 22376139

AN - SCOPUS:84858638752

VL - 46

SP - 3141

EP - 3148

JO - Environmental Science & Technology

JF - Environmental Science & Technology

SN - 0013-936X

IS - 6

ER -