TY - CHAP

T1 - Assessing Effects Through Semi-Field and Field Toxicity Testing

AU - Pettis, Jeff

AU - Tornier, Ingo

AU - Clook, Mark

AU - Wallner, Klaus

AU - Vaissiere, Bernard

AU - Stadler, Teodoro

AU - Hou, Wayne

AU - Maynard, Glynn

AU - Becker, Roland

AU - Coulson, Mike

AU - Jourdan, Pascal

AU - Vaughan, Mace

AU - Nocelli, Roberta C.F.

AU - Scott-Dupree, Cynthia

AU - Johansen, Erik

AU - Brittain, Claire

AU - Dinter, Axel

AU - Kasina, Muo

PY - 2014/7/14

Y1 - 2014/7/14

N2 - This chapter provides an overview of what to consider when planning or assessing either a semi-field or field study for toxicity testing. Elements in the design of semi-field and field studies encompass the study's objectives, the test organism, a study site, methods, endpoints, sample design, quality assurance and quality control standards, and the statistical analysis of the data. A semi-field study is designed to measure exposure or effects and is performed on a crop that is grown outdoors in an enclosed test system with controlled or confined exposure. A field study is designed to measure exposure or effects and is performed on a crop that is grown outdoors with no enclosure. The chapter describes the semi-field and field study for Apis and Non-Apis Bees. Monitoring schemes, for example, the UK Wildlife Incident Investigation Scheme (WIIS), rely on incidents being reported to a central organization.

AB - This chapter provides an overview of what to consider when planning or assessing either a semi-field or field study for toxicity testing. Elements in the design of semi-field and field studies encompass the study's objectives, the test organism, a study site, methods, endpoints, sample design, quality assurance and quality control standards, and the statistical analysis of the data. A semi-field study is designed to measure exposure or effects and is performed on a crop that is grown outdoors in an enclosed test system with controlled or confined exposure. A field study is designed to measure exposure or effects and is performed on a crop that is grown outdoors with no enclosure. The chapter describes the semi-field and field study for Apis and Non-Apis Bees. Monitoring schemes, for example, the UK Wildlife Incident Investigation Scheme (WIIS), rely on incidents being reported to a central organization.

KW - Apis bees

KW - Assessing effect

KW - Monitoring

KW - Non-apis bees

KW - Toxicity testing

KW - Wildlife Incident Investigation Scheme (WIIS)

KW - Biology

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=84927682677&partnerID=8YFLogxK

U2 - 10.1002/9781118852408.ch9

DO - 10.1002/9781118852408.ch9

M3 - Chapter

AN - SCOPUS:84927682677

SN - 9781118852521

SP - 95

EP - 119

BT - Pesticide Risk Assessment for Pollinators

A2 - Fischer, David

A2 - Moriarty, Thomas

PB - Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Asia

ER -