TY - JOUR

T1 - Understanding drivers of human tolerance towards mammals in a mixed-use transfrontier conservation area in southern Africa

AU - Kansky, Ruth

AU - Kidd, Martin

AU - Fischer, Jörn

N1 - Funding Information: We thank the VolkswagenStiftung for funding this study as a postdoctoral fellowship to R. Kansky ( 92873 ). We also thank the following people for assistance and support during the project: Shylock Muyenga for assistance with electronic data collection programing, Kabika Kumoyo, Mubita Nyambe, Brian Mulomba, Gift Muyamba, Inyambo Imakando for assistance with translating, piloting and survey interviews in Zambia, Zambia Wildlife Authority for research permission to work in Zambia, Liwena Sitali from KAZA and Mr. Nyambe from Peace Parks with assistance, support and introductions to communities in Zambia, the farmers and community members for their participations and willingness to take part in the surveys. Maraja Reichers for valuable comments on an earlier draft of this manuscript. Funding Information: We thank the VolkswagenStiftung for funding this study as a postdoctoral fellowship to R. Kansky (92873). We also thank the following people for assistance and support during the project: Shylock Muyenga for assistance with electronic data collection programing, Kabika Kumoyo, Mubita Nyambe, Brian Mulomba, Gift Muyamba, Inyambo Imakando for assistance with translating, piloting and survey interviews in Zambia, Zambia Wildlife Authority for research permission to work in Zambia, Liwena Sitali from KAZA and Mr. Nyambe from Peace Parks with assistance, support and introductions to communities in Zambia, the farmers and community members for their participations and willingness to take part in the surveys. Maraja Reichers for valuable comments on an earlier draft of this manuscript. Publisher Copyright: © 2020

PY - 2021/2/1

Y1 - 2021/2/1

N2 - Living with wild mammals is a critical challenge globally, especially in mixed-use landscapes such as Transfrontier Conservation Areas that aim to conserve wildlife as well as implement programs to improve livelihoods. The success of such initiatives depends on local communities willingness to tolerate potential costs from wildlife. However, the drivers of tolerance in such landscapes are not well understood, especially the relative importance of non-monetary costs and benefits, which are often not measured in surveys. We conducted surveys based on the Wildlife Tolerance Model (WTM) to investigate the drivers of tolerance for 286 farmers from 78 villages living around Sioma-Ngewzi National Park in southern Zambia, a section of the Kavango-Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation Area (KAZA), where monetary benefits from wildlife are not available. We found that non-monetary benefits were significant drivers of tolerance, meaning that in the absence of monetary benefits, non-monetary benefits can promote tolerance. Next, we compared drivers of tolerance across five large mammal species and found some similarities in drivers that will allow development of common strategies to promote tolerance for all five species in the landscape. These were increasing non-monetary benefits, reducing the non-monetary costs from all wildlife, increasing empathy towards wildlife, and improving relationships with Zambian Wildlife Authority.

AB - Living with wild mammals is a critical challenge globally, especially in mixed-use landscapes such as Transfrontier Conservation Areas that aim to conserve wildlife as well as implement programs to improve livelihoods. The success of such initiatives depends on local communities willingness to tolerate potential costs from wildlife. However, the drivers of tolerance in such landscapes are not well understood, especially the relative importance of non-monetary costs and benefits, which are often not measured in surveys. We conducted surveys based on the Wildlife Tolerance Model (WTM) to investigate the drivers of tolerance for 286 farmers from 78 villages living around Sioma-Ngewzi National Park in southern Zambia, a section of the Kavango-Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation Area (KAZA), where monetary benefits from wildlife are not available. We found that non-monetary benefits were significant drivers of tolerance, meaning that in the absence of monetary benefits, non-monetary benefits can promote tolerance. Next, we compared drivers of tolerance across five large mammal species and found some similarities in drivers that will allow development of common strategies to promote tolerance for all five species in the landscape. These were increasing non-monetary benefits, reducing the non-monetary costs from all wildlife, increasing empathy towards wildlife, and improving relationships with Zambian Wildlife Authority.

KW - Coexistence

KW - Conservation psychology

KW - Empathy

KW - Human-wildlife conflict wildlife

KW - Wildlife tolerance model

KW - Zambia

KW - Environmental planning

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85099856320&partnerID=8YFLogxK

U2 - 10.1016/j.biocon.2020.108947

DO - 10.1016/j.biocon.2020.108947

M3 - Journal articles

AN - SCOPUS:85099856320

VL - 254

JO - Biological Conservation

JF - Biological Conservation

SN - 0006-3207

M1 - 108947

ER -