TY - JOUR

T1 - Enhanced forest structural heterogeneity increases functional β-diversity but reduces α- and γ-diversity in soil nematodes

AU - Schwarz, Rike

AU - Bradler, Pia M.

AU - Chao, Anne

AU - Chuang, Po-Yen

AU - Ciobanu, Marcel

AU - Decker, Orsi

AU - Delory, Benjamin M.

AU - Dietrich, Peter

AU - Dittrich, Sebastian

AU - Fichtner, Andreas

AU - Lettenmaier, Ludwig

AU - Junginger, Michael

AU - Mitesser, Oliver

AU - Mori, Akira

AU - Müller, Jörg

AU - von Oheimb, Goddert

AU - Pierick, Kerstin

AU - Eisenhauer, Nico

AU - Cesarz, Simone

N1 - © 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license

PY - 2026/3

Y1 - 2026/3

N2 - Most production forests are managed primarily for timber production, leading to homogenous forests at landscape scale and reduced biodiversity. To explore whether silviculturally enhanced forest structural heterogeneity can promote biodiversity at landscape scale, we conducted a large-scale experiment in eight German forests. We manipulated structural β complexity, i.e., the heterogeneity of structural elements between forest patches, by experimentally introducing variation in canopy cover and different types of deadwood across 156 patches of 50 × 50 m each, to investigate its effects on biodiversity. Here we analyzed the response of soil nematode communities to heterogenization by assessing taxonomic and functional diversity across patch (α-diversity), site (γ-diversity), and between-patch (β-diversity) scales using Hill–Chao numbers as diversity indices. Additionally, we tested whether environmental variables correlate with nematode diversity responses. Our results show that functional diversity is more responsive than taxonomic diversity. Increases in β-diversity of common and dominant functional groups occurred simultaneously with declines in α- and γ-diversity. This pattern indicates that local community dissimilarity can rise without an increase in overall landscape-level richness and suggests a shift toward more specialized nematode communities in response to the interventions. Moreover, we found that certain site-specific conditions, such as soil texture and understory plant biomass, correlated with these effects. Overall, our findings reveal complex, scale-dependent responses of nematode diversity to changes in aboveground forest structure and highlight the need to further investigate the context dependence of forest biodiversity management to provide informed recommendations. This study represents an important first step toward understanding how to increase soil β-diversity through enhanced forest structural heterogeneity at management-relevant (i.e., landscape level) spatial scales.

AB - Most production forests are managed primarily for timber production, leading to homogenous forests at landscape scale and reduced biodiversity. To explore whether silviculturally enhanced forest structural heterogeneity can promote biodiversity at landscape scale, we conducted a large-scale experiment in eight German forests. We manipulated structural β complexity, i.e., the heterogeneity of structural elements between forest patches, by experimentally introducing variation in canopy cover and different types of deadwood across 156 patches of 50 × 50 m each, to investigate its effects on biodiversity. Here we analyzed the response of soil nematode communities to heterogenization by assessing taxonomic and functional diversity across patch (α-diversity), site (γ-diversity), and between-patch (β-diversity) scales using Hill–Chao numbers as diversity indices. Additionally, we tested whether environmental variables correlate with nematode diversity responses. Our results show that functional diversity is more responsive than taxonomic diversity. Increases in β-diversity of common and dominant functional groups occurred simultaneously with declines in α- and γ-diversity. This pattern indicates that local community dissimilarity can rise without an increase in overall landscape-level richness and suggests a shift toward more specialized nematode communities in response to the interventions. Moreover, we found that certain site-specific conditions, such as soil texture and understory plant biomass, correlated with these effects. Overall, our findings reveal complex, scale-dependent responses of nematode diversity to changes in aboveground forest structure and highlight the need to further investigate the context dependence of forest biodiversity management to provide informed recommendations. This study represents an important first step toward understanding how to increase soil β-diversity through enhanced forest structural heterogeneity at management-relevant (i.e., landscape level) spatial scales.

KW - Ecosystems Research

U2 - 10.1016/j.soilbio.2025.110078

DO - 10.1016/j.soilbio.2025.110078

M3 - Journal articles

VL - 214

JO - Soil Biology and Biochemistry

JF - Soil Biology and Biochemistry

SN - 0038-0717

M1 - 110078

ER -