Development and validation of a green and practical method for studying pesticides and related chemical compounds in bee pollen samples by UAE-LC-QTOF-MS

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A novel analytical methodology was developed to quantify 79 pesticides and related chemical compounds in bee pollen samples using liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. An optimal sample treatment was proposed (average analyte recoveries between 72 % and 120 %), involving ultrasound-assisted extraction with acetonitrile, followed by a 1:10 dilution. The environmental impact and practicality of the method were assessed using various analytical metrics, classifying it as green and blue. The method was fully validated in terms of selectivity, limits of detection (0.06 – 30 ng g−1) and quantification (0.2 – 97 ng g−1), matrix effect, linearity, precision, and trueness. Finally, the proposed method was applied to the target analytes in thirty Canadian multifloral bee pollen samples from different sources (commercial or experimental apiaries), but no pesticide residues were detected.

Original languageEnglish
Article number107765
JournalJournal of Food Composition and Analysis
Volume145
Number of pages10
ISSN0889-1575
DOIs
Publication statusPublished - 09.2025
Externally publishedYes

Bibliographical note

Publisher Copyright:
© 2025 Elsevier Inc.

    Research areas

  • bee pollen, food analysis, food safety, green analytical chemistry, LC-QTOF-MS, pesticides, UAE
  • Chemistry