TY - JOUR

T1 - Programm FAKE

T2 - Monte Carlo Eventgeneratoren als Werkzeug der Theorie in der frühen Hochenergiephysik

AU - Borrelli, Arianna

N1 - Funding Information: This research was funded by the Institute for Advanced Study on Media Cultures of Computer Simulation (MECS), Leuphana University Lüneburg (DFG grant KFOR 1927) and by the project “Exploring the ‘dark ages’ of particle physics” (DFG grant BO 4062/2-1). Publisher Copyright: © 2019, Springer Nature Switzerland AG.

PY - 2019/12/1

Y1 - 2019/12/1

N2 - The term Monte Carlo method indicates any computer-aided procedure for numerical estimation that combines mathematical calculations with randomly generated numerical input values. Today it is an important tool in high energy physics while physicists and philosophers also often consider it a sort of virtual experiment. The Monte Carlo method was developed in the 1940s, in the context of U.S. American nuclear weapons research, an event often regarded as the origin of both computer simulation and “artificial reality” (Galison 1997). The present paper interrogates this strong claim by focusing on the emergence of Monte Carlo event generators in particle physics in the early 1960s. This historical case study shows how, as Monte Carlo computation became part of the toolbox of particle physicists around 1960, it was neither usually referred to as a “computer simulation” nor was it regarded as a surrogate for experimentation. In revising the history of this method, this paper asks, in what context did particle physicists of the 1960s decide to create FAKE, the first high-energy-physics Monte Carlo event simulator? What was their goal? And what epistemic role did FAKE play? In answering these questions, it is argued that Monte Carlo computations were not introduced into particle physics to simulate experiments, but rather they played the role of theoretical tools. The Monte Carlo method was able to do this thanks to its random component, a property which provided a means of modeling a specific phenomenon, so-called “(particle) resonances”. Indeed, in doing so, event generators even came to mutually assimilate and reshape the notions of particle and resonance, taking up an epistemic function which had previously been confined to physical-mathematical formulae: that of a medium which could express aspects of particle theory.

AB - The term Monte Carlo method indicates any computer-aided procedure for numerical estimation that combines mathematical calculations with randomly generated numerical input values. Today it is an important tool in high energy physics while physicists and philosophers also often consider it a sort of virtual experiment. The Monte Carlo method was developed in the 1940s, in the context of U.S. American nuclear weapons research, an event often regarded as the origin of both computer simulation and “artificial reality” (Galison 1997). The present paper interrogates this strong claim by focusing on the emergence of Monte Carlo event generators in particle physics in the early 1960s. This historical case study shows how, as Monte Carlo computation became part of the toolbox of particle physicists around 1960, it was neither usually referred to as a “computer simulation” nor was it regarded as a surrogate for experimentation. In revising the history of this method, this paper asks, in what context did particle physicists of the 1960s decide to create FAKE, the first high-energy-physics Monte Carlo event simulator? What was their goal? And what epistemic role did FAKE play? In answering these questions, it is argued that Monte Carlo computations were not introduced into particle physics to simulate experiments, but rather they played the role of theoretical tools. The Monte Carlo method was able to do this thanks to its random component, a property which provided a means of modeling a specific phenomenon, so-called “(particle) resonances”. Indeed, in doing so, event generators even came to mutually assimilate and reshape the notions of particle and resonance, taking up an epistemic function which had previously been confined to physical-mathematical formulae: that of a medium which could express aspects of particle theory.

KW - Media and communication studies

KW - Monte-Carlo-Methode

KW - Computersimulation

KW - Hochenergiephysik

KW - Elementarteilchen

KW - Resonanzen

KW - Medium der Theorie

KW - Monte Carlo method

KW - computer simulation

KW - high energy physics

KW - elementary particles

KW - resonances

KW - medium of theory

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85074581647&partnerID=8YFLogxK

UR - https://www.mendeley.com/catalogue/ee72cbdc-64e2-38aa-93b0-48eb5c34591b/

U2 - 10.1007/s00048-019-00223-w

DO - 10.1007/s00048-019-00223-w

M3 - Journal articles

C2 - 31628493

AN - SCOPUS:85074581647

VL - 27

SP - 479

EP - 514

JO - NTM Zeitschrift für Geschichte der Wissenschaften, Technik und Medizin

JF - NTM Zeitschrift für Geschichte der Wissenschaften, Technik und Medizin

SN - 0036-6978

IS - 4

ER -