TY - JOUR

T1 - Large mammal diversity matters for wildlife tourism in Southern African Protected Areas

T2 - Insights for management

AU - Arbieu, Ugo

AU - Grünewald, Claudia

AU - Martín-López, Berta

AU - Schleuning, Matthias

AU - Böhning-Gaese, Katrin

N1 - The authors would like to thank the Ministry of Environment and Tourism of Namibia, the Ministry of Environment, Wildlife and Tourism of Botswana, SANParks and Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife for supporting the project and granting research permits in Etosha, Chobe, Kruger National Parks and Hluhluwe-Imfolozi Park respectively. We thank M. Templin and T. Caprano for their assistance, S. Higgins for project facilitation in Kruger and S. Fritz for comments on phylogenetic diversity. We thank field assistants and L. Birkmann and O. Lepeigneul for helping on data processing. We thank two anonymous reviewers for helpful comments and suggestions on the Manuscript. This work was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, grant number BO 1221/19-1 ) and the Landes-Offensive zur Entwicklung Wissenschaftlich-ökonomischer Exzellenz (LOEWE excellence initiative) of Hesse’s Ministry of Higher Education, Research, and the Arts. Appendix A

PY - 2018/6

Y1 - 2018/6

N2 - Relationships between biodiversity and cultural ecosystem services have been little studied compared to other ecosystem services, although fundamental for environmental management. Recreational ecosystem services like wildlife tourism are specific cultural ecosystem services that often involve relationships between the supply of opportunities to interact with biodiversity and the demand of wildlife tourists. Here, we first investigated whether different biodiversity measures based on three metrics applied to four components of large mammal diversity influenced the distribution of visitors within four Protected Areas (PAs) in Southern Africa. Second, we explored whether these effects were context-specific across the four PAs. We counted large mammals and visitor numbers along 196 road transects to test these relationships. All species-mammal diversity metrics related positively to visitor numbers. Subsets of mammal diversity were also positively associated with the distribution of visitors in all PAs. Relationships between supply and demand for the recreational service of wildlife tourism were mainly context-specific: the relationships between biodiversity measures and visitor numbers differed among PAs. Our results could help managers to optimize the use of recreational services within PAs, by diversifying viewing opportunities while reducing disturbance to wildlife. The supply-demand approach presented here offers promising avenues for further assessments of recreational ecosystem services.

AB - Relationships between biodiversity and cultural ecosystem services have been little studied compared to other ecosystem services, although fundamental for environmental management. Recreational ecosystem services like wildlife tourism are specific cultural ecosystem services that often involve relationships between the supply of opportunities to interact with biodiversity and the demand of wildlife tourists. Here, we first investigated whether different biodiversity measures based on three metrics applied to four components of large mammal diversity influenced the distribution of visitors within four Protected Areas (PAs) in Southern Africa. Second, we explored whether these effects were context-specific across the four PAs. We counted large mammals and visitor numbers along 196 road transects to test these relationships. All species-mammal diversity metrics related positively to visitor numbers. Subsets of mammal diversity were also positively associated with the distribution of visitors in all PAs. Relationships between supply and demand for the recreational service of wildlife tourism were mainly context-specific: the relationships between biodiversity measures and visitor numbers differed among PAs. Our results could help managers to optimize the use of recreational services within PAs, by diversifying viewing opportunities while reducing disturbance to wildlife. The supply-demand approach presented here offers promising avenues for further assessments of recreational ecosystem services.

KW - Africa

KW - Mammals

KW - Nature-based tourism

KW - Predators

KW - Protected Areas

KW - Ungulates

KW - Sustainability Science

U2 - 10.1016/j.ecoser.2017.11.006

DO - 10.1016/j.ecoser.2017.11.006

M3 - Journal articles

VL - 31

SP - 481

EP - 490

JO - Ecosystem Services

JF - Ecosystem Services

SN - 2212-0416

ER -