TY - JOUR

T1 - Does Internet-based guided self-help for depression cause harm?

T2 - An individual participant data meta-analysis on deterioration rates and its moderators in randomized controlled trials

AU - Ebert, David Daniel

AU - Donkin, L.

AU - Andersson, Gerhard

AU - Andrews, G.

AU - Berger, Thomas K.

AU - Carlbring, Per

AU - Rozental, Alexander

AU - Choi, I.

AU - Laferton, Johannes A. C.

AU - Johansson, Robert

AU - Kleiboer, Annet

AU - Lange, Alfred

AU - Lehr, Dirk

AU - Reins, Jo Annika

AU - Funk, Burkhardt

AU - Newby, J.

AU - Perini, S.

AU - Riper, Heleen

AU - Ruwaard, Jeroen

AU - Sheeber, L.

AU - Snoek, Frank

AU - Titov, Nickolai

AU - Ünlü Ince, Burcin

AU - Van Bastelaar, K.M.P.

AU - Vernmark, Kristofer

AU - Van Straten, Annemieke

AU - Warmerdam, L.

AU - Salsman, N.

AU - Cuijpers, Pim

PY - 2016/10/1

Y1 - 2016/10/1

N2 - BackgroundAlmost nothing is known about the potential negative effects of Internet-based psychological treatments for depression. This study aims at investigating deterioration and its moderators within randomized trials on Internet-based guided self-help for adult depression, using an individual patient data meta-analyses (IPDMA) approach.MethodStudies were identified through systematic searches (PubMed, PsycINFO, EMBASE, Cochrane Library). Deterioration in participants was defined as a significant symptom increase according to the reliable change index (i.e. 7.68 points in the CES-D; 7.63 points in the BDI). Two-step IPDMA procedures, with a random-effects model were used to pool data.ResultsA total of 18 studies (21 comparisons, 2079 participants) contributed data to the analysis. The risk for a reliable deterioration from baseline to post-treatment was significantly lower in the intervention v. control conditions (3.36 v. 7.60; relative risk 0.47, 95% confidence interval 0.29–0.75). Education moderated effects on deterioration, with patients with low education displaying a higher risk for deterioration than patients with higher education. Deterioration rates for patients with low education did not differ statistically significantly between intervention and control groups. The benefit–risk ratio for patients with low education indicated that 9.38 patients achieve a treatment response for each patient experiencing a symptom deterioration.ConclusionsInternet-based guided self-help is associated with a mean reduced risk for a symptom deterioration compared to controls. Treatment and symptom progress of patients with low education should be closely monitored, as some patients might face an increased risk for symptom deterioration. Future studies should examine predictors of deterioration in patients with low education.

AB - BackgroundAlmost nothing is known about the potential negative effects of Internet-based psychological treatments for depression. This study aims at investigating deterioration and its moderators within randomized trials on Internet-based guided self-help for adult depression, using an individual patient data meta-analyses (IPDMA) approach.MethodStudies were identified through systematic searches (PubMed, PsycINFO, EMBASE, Cochrane Library). Deterioration in participants was defined as a significant symptom increase according to the reliable change index (i.e. 7.68 points in the CES-D; 7.63 points in the BDI). Two-step IPDMA procedures, with a random-effects model were used to pool data.ResultsA total of 18 studies (21 comparisons, 2079 participants) contributed data to the analysis. The risk for a reliable deterioration from baseline to post-treatment was significantly lower in the intervention v. control conditions (3.36 v. 7.60; relative risk 0.47, 95% confidence interval 0.29–0.75). Education moderated effects on deterioration, with patients with low education displaying a higher risk for deterioration than patients with higher education. Deterioration rates for patients with low education did not differ statistically significantly between intervention and control groups. The benefit–risk ratio for patients with low education indicated that 9.38 patients achieve a treatment response for each patient experiencing a symptom deterioration.ConclusionsInternet-based guided self-help is associated with a mean reduced risk for a symptom deterioration compared to controls. Treatment and symptom progress of patients with low education should be closely monitored, as some patients might face an increased risk for symptom deterioration. Future studies should examine predictors of deterioration in patients with low education.

KW - Psychology

KW - adverse events

KW - depression

KW - deterioration effect

KW - Internet-based guided self-help

KW - negative effects

KW - Digital media

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=84988346199&partnerID=8YFLogxK

U2 - 10.1017/S0033291716001562

DO - 10.1017/S0033291716001562

M3 - Scientific review articles

C2 - 27649340

VL - 46

SP - 2679

EP - 2693

JO - Psychological Medicine

JF - Psychological Medicine

SN - 0033-2917

IS - 13

ER -