TY - JOUR

T1 - Captopril and its dimer captopril disulfide

T2 - Photodegradation, aerobic biodegradation and identification of transformation products by HPLC-UV and LC-ion trap-MS(n)

AU - Mahmoud, W.M.M.

AU - Kümmerer, K.

N1 - Copyright 2012 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.

PY - 2012/8/1

Y1 - 2012/8/1

N2 - In some countries effluents from hospitals and households are directly emitted into open ditches without any further treatment and with very little dilution. Under such circumstances photo- and biodegradation in the environment can occur. However, these processes do not necessarily end up with the complete mineralization of a chemical. Therefore, the biodegradability of photoproduct(s) by environmental bacteria is of interest.Cardiovascular diseases are the number one cause of death globally. Captopril (CP) is used in this study as it is widely used in Egypt and stated as one of the essential drugs in Egypt for hypertension. Three tests from the OECD series were used for biodegradation testing: Closed Bottle test (CBT; OECD 301 D), Manometric Respirometry test (MRT; OECD 301 F) and the modified Zahn-Wellens test (ZWT; OECD 302 B). Photodegradation (150. W medium-pressure Hg-lamp) of CP was studied. Also CBT was performed for captopril disulfide (CPDS) and samples received after 64. min and 512. min of photolysis.The primary elimination of CP and CPDS was monitored by LC-UV at 210. nm and structures of photoproducts were assessed by LC-UV-MS/MS (ion trap). Analysis of photodegradation samples by LC-MS/MS revealed CP sulfonic acid as the major photodegradation product of CP. No biodegradation was observed for CP, CPDS and of the mixture resulting from photo-treatment after 64. min in CBT. Partial biodegradation in the CBT and MRT was observed in samples taken after 512. min photolysis and for CP itself in MRT. Complete biodegradation and mineralization of CP occurred in the ZWT.

AB - In some countries effluents from hospitals and households are directly emitted into open ditches without any further treatment and with very little dilution. Under such circumstances photo- and biodegradation in the environment can occur. However, these processes do not necessarily end up with the complete mineralization of a chemical. Therefore, the biodegradability of photoproduct(s) by environmental bacteria is of interest.Cardiovascular diseases are the number one cause of death globally. Captopril (CP) is used in this study as it is widely used in Egypt and stated as one of the essential drugs in Egypt for hypertension. Three tests from the OECD series were used for biodegradation testing: Closed Bottle test (CBT; OECD 301 D), Manometric Respirometry test (MRT; OECD 301 F) and the modified Zahn-Wellens test (ZWT; OECD 302 B). Photodegradation (150. W medium-pressure Hg-lamp) of CP was studied. Also CBT was performed for captopril disulfide (CPDS) and samples received after 64. min and 512. min of photolysis.The primary elimination of CP and CPDS was monitored by LC-UV at 210. nm and structures of photoproducts were assessed by LC-UV-MS/MS (ion trap). Analysis of photodegradation samples by LC-MS/MS revealed CP sulfonic acid as the major photodegradation product of CP. No biodegradation was observed for CP, CPDS and of the mixture resulting from photo-treatment after 64. min in CBT. Partial biodegradation in the CBT and MRT was observed in samples taken after 512. min photolysis and for CP itself in MRT. Complete biodegradation and mineralization of CP occurred in the ZWT.

KW - Chemistry

KW - Photolysis

KW - Biodegradation

KW - Aquatic environment

KW - Dead-end metabolite

KW - UV treatment

KW - Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)

KW - inhibitor

KW - Sustainability Science

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=84862684969&partnerID=8YFLogxK

U2 - 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.03.064

DO - 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.03.064

M3 - Journal articles

C2 - 22534199

VL - 88

SP - 1170

EP - 1177

JO - Chemosphere

JF - Chemosphere

SN - 0045-6535

IS - 10

ER -