Lembrechts, JJ, van den Hoogen, J, Aalto, J, Ashcroft, MB, De Frenne, P, Kemppinen, J, Kopecký, M, Luoto, M, Maclean, IMD, Crowther, TW, Bailey, JJ, Haesen, S, Klinges, DH, Niittynen, P, Scheffers, BR, Van Meerbeek, K, Aartsma, P, Abdalaze, O, Abedi, M, Aerts, R, Ahmadian, N, Ahrends, A, Alatalo, JM, Alexander, JM, Allonsius, CN, Altman, J, Ammann, C, Andres, C, Andrews, C, Ardö, J, Arriga, N, Arzac, A, Aschero, V, Assis, RL, Assmann, JJ, Bader, MY, Bahalkeh, K, Barančok, P, Barrio, IC, Barros, A, Barthel, M, Basham, EW, Bauters, M, Bazzichetto, M, Marchesini, LB, Bell, MC, Benavides, JC, Benito Alonso, JL, Berauer, BJ, Bjerke, JW, Björk, RG, Björkman, MP, Björnsdóttir, K, Blonder, B, Boeckx, P, Boike, J, Bokhorst, S, Brum, BNS, Brůna, J, Buchmann, N, Buysse, P, Camargo, JL, Campoe, OC, Candan, O, Canessa, R, Cannone, N, Carbognani, M, Carnicer, J, Casanova-Katny, A, Cesarz, S, Chojnicki, B, Choler, P, Chown, SL, Cifuentes, EF, Čiliak, M, Contador, T, Convey, P, Cooper, EJ, Cremonese, E, Curasi, SR, Curtis, R, Cutini, M, Dahlberg, CJ, Daskalova, GN, de Pablo, MA, Della Chiesa, S, Dengler, J, Deronde, B, Descombes, P, Di Cecco, V, Di Musciano, M, Dick, J, Dimarco, RD, Dolezal, J, Dorrepaal, E, Dušek, J, Eisenhauer, N, Eklundh, L, Erickson, TE, Erschbamer, B, Eugster, W, Ewers, RM, Exton, DA, Fanin, N, Fazlioglu, F, Feigenwinter, I, Fenu, G, Ferlian, O, Fernández Calzado, MR, Fernández-Pascual, E, Finckh, M, Higgens, RF, Forte, TGW, Freeman, EC, Frei, ER, Fuentes-Lillo, E, García, RA, García, MB, Géron, C, Gharun, M, Ghosn, D, Gigauri, K, Gobin, A, Goded, I, Goeckede, M, Gottschall, F, Goulding, K, Govaert, S, Graae, BJ, Greenwood, S, Greiser, C, Grelle, A, Guénard, B, Guglielmin, M, Guillemot, J, Haase, P
, Haider, S, Halbritter, AH, Hamid, M, Hammerle, A, Hampe, A, Haugum, SV, Hederová, L, Heinesch, B, Helfter, C, Hepenstrick, D, Herberich, M, Herbst, M, Hermanutz, L, Hik, DS, Hoffrén, R, Homeier, J, Hörtnagl, L, Høye, TT, Hrbacek, F, Hylander, K, Iwata, H, Jackowicz-Korczynski, MA, Jactel, H, Järveoja, J, Jastrzębowski, S, Jentsch, A, Jiménez, JJ, Jónsdóttir, IS, Jucker, T, Jump, AS, Juszczak, R, Kanka, R, Kašpar, V, Kazakis, G, Kelly, J, Khuroo, AA, Klemedtsson, L, Klisz, M, Kljun, N, Knohl, A, Kobler, J, Kollár, J, Kotowska, MM, Kovács, B, Kreyling, J, Lamprecht, A, Lang, SI, Larson, C, Larson, K, Laska, K, le Maire, G, Leihy, RI, Lens, L, Liljebladh, B, Lohila, A, Lorite, J, Loubet, B, Lynn, J, Macek, M, Mackenzie, R, Magliulo, E, Maier, R, Malfasi, F, Máliš, F, Man, M, Manca, G, Manco, A, Manise, T, Manolaki, P, Marciniak, F, Matula, R, Mazzolari, AC, Medinets, S, Medinets, V, Meeussen, C, Merinero, S, Mesquita, RDCG, Meusburger, K, Meysman, FJR, Michaletz, ST, Milbau, A, Moiseev, D, Moiseev, P, Mondoni, A, Monfries, R, Montagnani, L, Moriana-Armendariz, M, Morra di Cella, U, Mörsdorf, M, Mosedale, JR, Muffler, L, Muñoz-Rojas, M, Myers, JA, Myers-Smith, IH, Nagy, L, Nardino, M, Naujokaitis-Lewis, I, Newling, E, Nicklas, L, Niedrist, G, Niessner, A, Nilsson, MB, Normand, S, Nosetto, MD, Nouvellon, Y, Nuñez, MA, Ogaya, R, Ogée, J, Okello, J, Olejnik, J, Olesen, JE, Opedal, ØH, Orsenigo, S, Palaj, A, Pampuch, T, Panov, AV, Pärtel, M, Pastor, A, Pauchard, A, Pauli, H, Pavelka, M, Pearse, WD, Peichl, M, Pellissier, L, Penczykowski, RM, Penuelas, J, Petit Bon, M, Petraglia, A, Phartyal, SS, Phoenix, GK, Pio, C, Pitacco, A, Pitteloud, C, Plichta, R, Porro, F, Portillo-Estrada, M, Poulenard, J, Poyatos, R, Prokushkin, AS, Puchalka, R, Pușcaș, M, Radujković, D, Randall, K, Ratier Backes, A, Remmele, S, Remmers, W, Renault, D, Risch, AC, Rixen, C, Robinson, SA, Robroek, BJM, Rocha, AV, Rossi, C, Rossi, G, Roupsard, O, Rubtsov, AV, Saccone, P, Sagot, C, Sallo Bravo, J, Santos, CC, Sarneel, JM, Scharnweber, T, Schmeddes, J, Schmidt, M, Scholten, T, Schuchardt, M, Schwartz, N, Scott, T, Seeber, J, Segalin de Andrade, AC, Seipel, T, Semenchuk, P, Senior, RA, Serra-Diaz, JM, Sewerniak, P, Shekhar, A, Sidenko, NV, Siebicke, L, Siegwart Collier, L, Simpson, E, Siqueira, DP, Sitková, Z, Six, J, Smiljanic, M, Smith, SW, Smith-Tripp, S, Somers, B, Sørensen, MV, Souza, JJLL, Souza, BI, Souza Dias, A, Spasojevic, MJ, Speed, JDM, Spicher, F, Stanisci, A, Steinbauer, K, Steinbrecher, R, Steinwandter, M, Stemkovski, M, Stephan, JG, Stiegler, C, Stoll, S, Svátek, M, Svoboda, M, Tagesson, T, Tanentzap, AJ, Tanneberger, F, Theurillat, JP, Thomas, HJD, Thomas, AD, Tielbörger, K, Tomaselli, M, Treier, UA, Trouillier, M, Turtureanu, PD, Tutton, R, Tyystjärvi, VA, Ueyama, M, Ujházy, K, Ujházyová, M, Uogintas, D, Urban, AV, Urban, J, Urbaniak, M, Ursu, TM, Vaccari, FP, Van de Vondel, S, van den Brink, L, Van Geel, M, Vandvik, V, Vangansbeke, P, Varlagin, A, Veen, GF, Veenendaal, E, Venn, SE, Verbeeck, H, Verbrugggen, E, Verheijen, FGA, Villar, L, Vitale, L, Vittoz, P, Vives-Ingla, M, von Oppen, J, Walz, J, Wang, R, Wang, Y, Way, RG, Wedegärtner, REM, Weigel, R, Wild, J, Wilkinson, M, Wilmking, M, Wingate, L, Winkler, M, Wipf, S, Wohlfahrt, G, Xenakis, G, Yang, Y, Yu, Z, Yu, K, Zellweger, F, Zhang, J, Zhang, Z, Zhao, P, Ziemblińska, K, Zimmermann, R, Zong, S, Zyryanov, VI, Nijs, I & Lenoir, J 2022, '
Global maps of soil temperature',
Global Change Biology, vol. 28, no. 9, pp. 3110-3144.
https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.16060@article{f2f21da9665c4989b79a646fc46fd3fa,
title = "Global maps of soil temperature",
abstract = "Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-km2 resolution for 0–5 and 5–15 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e. offset) between in situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1-km2 pixels (summarized from 8519 unique temperature sensors) across all the world's major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10°C (mean = 3.0 ± 2.1°C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6 ± 2.3°C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (−0.7 ± 2.3°C). The observed substantial and biome-specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near-surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil-related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications.",
keywords = "Biology, bioclimatic variables, global maps, microclimate, near-surface temperatures, soil-dwelling organisms, soil temperature, temperature offset, weather stations",
author = "Lembrechts, {Jonas J.} and {van den Hoogen}, Johan and Juha Aalto and Ashcroft, {Michael B.} and {De Frenne}, Pieter and Julia Kemppinen and Martin Kopeck{\'y} and Miska Luoto and Maclean, {Ilya M.D.} and Crowther, {Thomas W.} and Bailey, {Joseph J.} and Stef Haesen and Klinges, {David H.} and Pekka Niittynen and Scheffers, {Brett R.} and {Van Meerbeek}, Koenraad and Peter Aartsma and Otar Abdalaze and Mehdi Abedi and Rien Aerts and Negar Ahmadian and Antje Ahrends and Alatalo, {Juha M.} and Alexander, {Jake M.} and Allonsius, {Camille Nina} and Jan Altman and Christof Ammann and Christian Andres and Christopher Andrews and Jonas Ard{\"o} and Nicola Arriga and Alberto Arzac and Valeria Aschero and Assis, {Rafael L.} and Assmann, {Jakob Johann} and Bader, {Maaike Y.} and Khadijeh Bahalkeh and Peter Baran{\v c}ok and Barrio, {Isabel C.} and Agustina Barros and Matti Barthel and Basham, {Edmund W.} and Marijn Bauters and Manuele Bazzichetto and Marchesini, {Luca Belelli} and Bell, {Michael C.} and Benavides, {Juan C.} and {Benito Alonso}, {Jos{\'e} Luis} and Berauer, {Bernd J.} and Bjerke, {Jarle W.} and Bj{\"o}rk, {Robert G.} and Bj{\"o}rkman, {Mats P.} and Katrin Bj{\"o}rnsd{\'o}ttir and Benjamin Blonder and Pascal Boeckx and Julia Boike and Stef Bokhorst and Brum, {B{\'a}rbara N.S.} and Josef Brůna and Nina Buchmann and Pauline Buysse and Camargo, {Jos{\'e} Lu{\'i}s} and Campoe, {Ot{\'a}vio C.} and Onur Candan and Rafaella Canessa and Nicoletta Cannone and Michele Carbognani and Jofre Carnicer and Ang{\'e}lica Casanova-Katny and Simone Cesarz and Bogdan Chojnicki and Philippe Choler and Chown, {Steven L.} and Cifuentes, {Edgar F.} and Marek {\v C}iliak and Tamara Contador and Peter Convey and Cooper, {Elisabeth J.} and Edoardo Cremonese and Curasi, {Salvatore R.} and Robin Curtis and Maurizio Cutini and Dahlberg, {C. Johan} and Daskalova, {Gergana N.} and {de Pablo}, {Miguel Angel} and {Della Chiesa}, Stefano and J{\"u}rgen Dengler and Bart Deronde and Patrice Descombes and {Di Cecco}, Valter and {Di Musciano}, Michele and Jan Dick and Dimarco, {Romina D.} and Jiri Dolezal and Ellen Dorrepaal and Ji{\v r}{\'i} Du{\v s}ek and Nico Eisenhauer and Lars Eklundh and Erickson, {Todd E.} and Brigitta Erschbamer and Werner Eugster and Ewers, {Robert M.} and Exton, {Dan A.} and Nicolas Fanin and Fatih Fazlioglu and Iris Feigenwinter and Giuseppe Fenu and Olga Ferlian and {Fern{\'a}ndez Calzado}, {M. Rosa} and Eduardo Fern{\'a}ndez-Pascual and Manfred Finckh and Higgens, {Rebecca Finger} and Forte, {T'ai G.W.} and Freeman, {Erika C.} and Frei, {Esther R.} and Eduardo Fuentes-Lillo and Garc{\'i}a, {Rafael A.} and Garc{\'i}a, {Mar{\'i}a B.} and Charly G{\'e}ron and Mana Gharun and Dany Ghosn and Khatuna Gigauri and Anne Gobin and Ignacio Goded and Mathias Goeckede and Felix Gottschall and Keith Goulding and Sanne Govaert and Graae, {Bente Jessen} and Sarah Greenwood and Caroline Greiser and Achim Grelle and Benoit Gu{\'e}nard and Mauro Guglielmin and Joann{\`e}s Guillemot and Peter Haase and Sylvia Haider and Halbritter, {Aud H.} and Maroof Hamid and Albin Hammerle and Arndt Hampe and Haugum, {Siri V.} and Lucia Hederov{\'a} and Bernard Heinesch and Carole Helfter and Daniel Hepenstrick and Maximiliane Herberich and Mathias Herbst and Luise Hermanutz and Hik, {David S.} and Ra{\'u}l Hoffr{\'e}n and J{\"u}rgen Homeier and Lukas H{\"o}rtnagl and H{\o}ye, {Toke T.} and Filip Hrbacek and Kristoffer Hylander and Hiroki Iwata and Jackowicz-Korczynski, {Marcin Antoni} and Herv{\'e} Jactel and J{\"a}rvi J{\"a}rveoja and Szymon Jastrz{\c e}bowski and Anke Jentsch and Jim{\'e}nez, {Juan J.} and J{\'o}nsd{\'o}ttir, {Ingibj{\"o}rg S.} and Tommaso Jucker and Jump, {Alistair S.} and Radoslaw Juszczak and R{\'o}bert Kanka and V{\'i}t Ka{\v s}par and George Kazakis and Julia Kelly and Khuroo, {Anzar A.} and Leif Klemedtsson and Marcin Klisz and Natascha Kljun and Alexander Knohl and Johannes Kobler and Jozef Koll{\'a}r and Kotowska, {Martyna M.} and Bence Kov{\'a}cs and Juergen Kreyling and Andrea Lamprecht and Lang, {Simone I.} and Christian Larson and Keith Larson and Kamil Laska and {le Maire}, Guerric and Leihy, {Rachel I.} and Luc Lens and Bengt Liljebladh and Annalea Lohila and Juan Lorite and Benjamin Loubet and Joshua Lynn and Martin Macek and Roy Mackenzie and Enzo Magliulo and Regine Maier and Francesco Malfasi and Franti{\v s}ek M{\'a}li{\v s} and Mat{\v e}j Man and Giovanni Manca and Antonio Manco and Tanguy Manise and Paraskevi Manolaki and Felipe Marciniak and Radim Matula and Mazzolari, {Ana Clara} and Sergiy Medinets and Volodymyr Medinets and Camille Meeussen and Sonia Merinero and Mesquita, {Rita de C{\'a}ssia Guimar{\~a}es} and Katrin Meusburger and Meysman, {Filip J.R.} and Michaletz, {Sean T.} and Ann Milbau and Dmitry Moiseev and Pavel Moiseev and Andrea Mondoni and Ruth Monfries and Leonardo Montagnani and Mikel Moriana-Armendariz and {Morra di Cella}, Umberto and Martin M{\"o}rsdorf and Mosedale, {Jonathan R.} and Lena Muffler and Miriam Mu{\~n}oz-Rojas and Myers, {Jonathan A.} and Myers-Smith, {Isla H.} and Laszlo Nagy and Marianna Nardino and Ilona Naujokaitis-Lewis and Emily Newling and Lena Nicklas and Georg Niedrist and Armin Niessner and Nilsson, {Mats B.} and Signe Normand and Nosetto, {Marcelo D.} and Yann Nouvellon and Nu{\~n}ez, {Martin A.} and Rom{\`a} Ogaya and J{\'e}r{\^o}me Og{\'e}e and Joseph Okello and Janusz Olejnik and Olesen, {J{\o}rgen Eivind} and Opedal, {{\O}ystein H.} and Simone Orsenigo and Andrej Palaj and Timo Pampuch and Panov, {Alexey V.} and Meelis P{\"a}rtel and Ada Pastor and An{\'i}bal Pauchard and Harald Pauli and Marian Pavelka and Pearse, {William D.} and Matthias Peichl and Lo{\"i}c Pellissier and Penczykowski, {Rachel M.} and Josep Penuelas and {Petit Bon}, Matteo and Alessandro Petraglia and Phartyal, {Shyam S.} and Phoenix, {Gareth K.} and Casimiro Pio and Andrea Pitacco and Camille Pitteloud and Roman Plichta and Francesco Porro and Miguel Portillo-Estrada and J{\'e}r{\^o}me Poulenard and Rafael Poyatos and Prokushkin, {Anatoly S.} and Radoslaw Puchalka and Mihai Pușcaș and Dajana Radujkovi{\'c} and Krystal Randall and {Ratier Backes}, Amanda and Sabine Remmele and Wolfram Remmers and David Renault and Risch, {Anita C.} and Christian Rixen and Robinson, {Sharon A.} and Robroek, {Bjorn J.M.} and Rocha, {Adrian V.} and Christian Rossi and Graziano Rossi and Olivier Roupsard and Rubtsov, {Alexey V.} and Patrick Saccone and Clotilde Sagot and {Sallo Bravo}, Jhonatan and Santos, {Cinthya C.} and Sarneel, {Judith M.} and Tobias Scharnweber and Jonas Schmeddes and Marius Schmidt and Thomas Scholten and Max Schuchardt and Naomi Schwartz and Tony Scott and Julia Seeber and {Segalin de Andrade}, {Ana Cristina} and Tim Seipel and Philipp Semenchuk and Senior, {Rebecca A.} and Serra-Diaz, {Josep M.} and Piotr Sewerniak and Ankit Shekhar and Sidenko, {Nikita V.} and Lukas Siebicke and {Siegwart Collier}, Laura and Elizabeth Simpson and Siqueira, {David P.} and Zuzana Sitkov{\'a} and Johan Six and Marko Smiljanic and Smith, {Stuart W.} and Sarah Smith-Tripp and Ben Somers and S{\o}rensen, {Mia Vedel} and Souza, {Jos{\'e} Jo{\~a}o L.L.} and Souza, {Bartolomeu Israel} and {Souza Dias}, Arildo and Spasojevic, {Marko J.} and Speed, {James D.M.} and Fabien Spicher and Angela Stanisci and Klaus Steinbauer and Rainer Steinbrecher and Michael Steinwandter and Michael Stemkovski and Stephan, {J{\"o}rg G.} and Christian Stiegler and Stefan Stoll and Martin Sv{\'a}tek and Miroslav Svoboda and Torbern Tagesson and Tanentzap, {Andrew J.} and Franziska Tanneberger and Theurillat, {Jean Paul} and Thomas, {Haydn J.D.} and Thomas, {Andrew D.} and Katja Tielb{\"o}rger and Marcello Tomaselli and Treier, {Urs Albert} and Mario Trouillier and Turtureanu, {Pavel Dan} and Rosamond Tutton and Tyystj{\"a}rvi, {Vilna A.} and Masahito Ueyama and Karol Ujh{\'a}zy and Mariana Ujh{\'a}zyov{\'a} and Domas Uogintas and Urban, {Anastasiya V.} and Josef Urban and Marek Urbaniak and Ursu, {Tudor Mihai} and Vaccari, {Francesco Primo} and {Van de Vondel}, Stijn and {van den Brink}, Liesbeth and {Van Geel}, Maarten and Vigdis Vandvik and Pieter Vangansbeke and Andrej Varlagin and Veen, {G. F.} and Elmar Veenendaal and Venn, {Susanna E.} and Hans Verbeeck and Erik Verbrugggen and Verheijen, {Frank G.A.} and Luis Villar and Luca Vitale and Pascal Vittoz and Maria Vives-Ingla and {von Oppen}, Jonathan and Josefine Walz and Runxi Wang and Yifeng Wang and Way, {Robert G.} and Wedeg{\"a}rtner, {Ronja E.M.} and Robert Weigel and Jan Wild and Matthew Wilkinson and Martin Wilmking and Lisa Wingate and Manuela Winkler and Sonja Wipf and Georg Wohlfahrt and Georgios Xenakis and Yan Yang and Zicheng Yu and Kailiang Yu and Florian Zellweger and Jian Zhang and Zhaochen Zhang and Peng Zhao and Klaudia Ziembli{\'n}ska and Reiner Zimmermann and Shengwei Zong and Zyryanov, {Viacheslav I.} and Ivan Nijs and Jonathan Lenoir",
note = "Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2022 The Authors. Global Change Biology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.",
year = "2022",
month = may,
day = "1",
doi = "10.1111/gcb.16060",
language = "English",
volume = "28",
pages = "3110--3144",
journal = "Global Change Biology",
issn = "1354-1013",
publisher = "John Wiley & Sons Ltd.",
number = "9",
}
TY - JOUR
T1 - Global maps of soil temperature
AU - Lembrechts, Jonas J.
AU - van den Hoogen, Johan
AU - Aalto, Juha
AU - Ashcroft, Michael B.
AU - De Frenne, Pieter
AU - Kemppinen, Julia
AU - Kopecký, Martin
AU - Luoto, Miska
AU - Maclean, Ilya M.D.
AU - Crowther, Thomas W.
AU - Bailey, Joseph J.
AU - Haesen, Stef
AU - Klinges, David H.
AU - Niittynen, Pekka
AU - Scheffers, Brett R.
AU - Van Meerbeek, Koenraad
AU - Aartsma, Peter
AU - Abdalaze, Otar
AU - Abedi, Mehdi
AU - Aerts, Rien
AU - Ahmadian, Negar
AU - Ahrends, Antje
AU - Alatalo, Juha M.
AU - Alexander, Jake M.
AU - Allonsius, Camille Nina
AU - Altman, Jan
AU - Ammann, Christof
AU - Andres, Christian
AU - Andrews, Christopher
AU - Ardö, Jonas
AU - Arriga, Nicola
AU - Arzac, Alberto
AU - Aschero, Valeria
AU - Assis, Rafael L.
AU - Assmann, Jakob Johann
AU - Bader, Maaike Y.
AU - Bahalkeh, Khadijeh
AU - Barančok, Peter
AU - Barrio, Isabel C.
AU - Barros, Agustina
AU - Barthel, Matti
AU - Basham, Edmund W.
AU - Bauters, Marijn
AU - Bazzichetto, Manuele
AU - Marchesini, Luca Belelli
AU - Bell, Michael C.
AU - Benavides, Juan C.
AU - Benito Alonso, José Luis
AU - Berauer, Bernd J.
AU - Bjerke, Jarle W.
AU - Björk, Robert G.
AU - Björkman, Mats P.
AU - Björnsdóttir, Katrin
AU - Blonder, Benjamin
AU - Boeckx, Pascal
AU - Boike, Julia
AU - Bokhorst, Stef
AU - Brum, Bárbara N.S.
AU - Brůna, Josef
AU - Buchmann, Nina
AU - Buysse, Pauline
AU - Camargo, José Luís
AU - Campoe, Otávio C.
AU - Candan, Onur
AU - Canessa, Rafaella
AU - Cannone, Nicoletta
AU - Carbognani, Michele
AU - Carnicer, Jofre
AU - Casanova-Katny, Angélica
AU - Cesarz, Simone
AU - Chojnicki, Bogdan
AU - Choler, Philippe
AU - Chown, Steven L.
AU - Cifuentes, Edgar F.
AU - Čiliak, Marek
AU - Contador, Tamara
AU - Convey, Peter
AU - Cooper, Elisabeth J.
AU - Cremonese, Edoardo
AU - Curasi, Salvatore R.
AU - Curtis, Robin
AU - Cutini, Maurizio
AU - Dahlberg, C. Johan
AU - Daskalova, Gergana N.
AU - de Pablo, Miguel Angel
AU - Della Chiesa, Stefano
AU - Dengler, Jürgen
AU - Deronde, Bart
AU - Descombes, Patrice
AU - Di Cecco, Valter
AU - Di Musciano, Michele
AU - Dick, Jan
AU - Dimarco, Romina D.
AU - Dolezal, Jiri
AU - Dorrepaal, Ellen
AU - Dušek, Jiří
AU - Eisenhauer, Nico
AU - Eklundh, Lars
AU - Erickson, Todd E.
AU - Erschbamer, Brigitta
AU - Eugster, Werner
AU - Ewers, Robert M.
AU - Exton, Dan A.
AU - Fanin, Nicolas
AU - Fazlioglu, Fatih
AU - Feigenwinter, Iris
AU - Fenu, Giuseppe
AU - Ferlian, Olga
AU - Fernández Calzado, M. Rosa
AU - Fernández-Pascual, Eduardo
AU - Finckh, Manfred
AU - Higgens, Rebecca Finger
AU - Forte, T'ai G.W.
AU - Freeman, Erika C.
AU - Frei, Esther R.
AU - Fuentes-Lillo, Eduardo
AU - García, Rafael A.
AU - García, María B.
AU - Géron, Charly
AU - Gharun, Mana
AU - Ghosn, Dany
AU - Gigauri, Khatuna
AU - Gobin, Anne
AU - Goded, Ignacio
AU - Goeckede, Mathias
AU - Gottschall, Felix
AU - Goulding, Keith
AU - Govaert, Sanne
AU - Graae, Bente Jessen
AU - Greenwood, Sarah
AU - Greiser, Caroline
AU - Grelle, Achim
AU - Guénard, Benoit
AU - Guglielmin, Mauro
AU - Guillemot, Joannès
AU - Haase, Peter
AU - Haider, Sylvia
AU - Halbritter, Aud H.
AU - Hamid, Maroof
AU - Hammerle, Albin
AU - Hampe, Arndt
AU - Haugum, Siri V.
AU - Hederová, Lucia
AU - Heinesch, Bernard
AU - Helfter, Carole
AU - Hepenstrick, Daniel
AU - Herberich, Maximiliane
AU - Herbst, Mathias
AU - Hermanutz, Luise
AU - Hik, David S.
AU - Hoffrén, Raúl
AU - Homeier, Jürgen
AU - Hörtnagl, Lukas
AU - Høye, Toke T.
AU - Hrbacek, Filip
AU - Hylander, Kristoffer
AU - Iwata, Hiroki
AU - Jackowicz-Korczynski, Marcin Antoni
AU - Jactel, Hervé
AU - Järveoja, Järvi
AU - Jastrzębowski, Szymon
AU - Jentsch, Anke
AU - Jiménez, Juan J.
AU - Jónsdóttir, Ingibjörg S.
AU - Jucker, Tommaso
AU - Jump, Alistair S.
AU - Juszczak, Radoslaw
AU - Kanka, Róbert
AU - Kašpar, Vít
AU - Kazakis, George
AU - Kelly, Julia
AU - Khuroo, Anzar A.
AU - Klemedtsson, Leif
AU - Klisz, Marcin
AU - Kljun, Natascha
AU - Knohl, Alexander
AU - Kobler, Johannes
AU - Kollár, Jozef
AU - Kotowska, Martyna M.
AU - Kovács, Bence
AU - Kreyling, Juergen
AU - Lamprecht, Andrea
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N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2022 The Authors. Global Change Biology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
PY - 2022/5/1
Y1 - 2022/5/1
N2 - Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-km2 resolution for 0–5 and 5–15 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e. offset) between in situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1-km2 pixels (summarized from 8519 unique temperature sensors) across all the world's major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10°C (mean = 3.0 ± 2.1°C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6 ± 2.3°C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (−0.7 ± 2.3°C). The observed substantial and biome-specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near-surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil-related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications.
AB - Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-km2 resolution for 0–5 and 5–15 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e. offset) between in situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1-km2 pixels (summarized from 8519 unique temperature sensors) across all the world's major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10°C (mean = 3.0 ± 2.1°C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6 ± 2.3°C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (−0.7 ± 2.3°C). The observed substantial and biome-specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near-surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil-related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications.
KW - Biology
KW - bioclimatic variables
KW - global maps
KW - microclimate
KW - near-surface temperatures
KW - soil-dwelling organisms
KW - soil temperature
KW - temperature offset
KW - weather stations
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85123931737&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - https://www.mendeley.com/catalogue/3d7cefdd-7e83-37fc-bc6e-c844c451fb8f/
U2 - 10.1111/gcb.16060
DO - 10.1111/gcb.16060
M3 - Journal articles
C2 - 34967074
AN - SCOPUS:85123931737
VL - 28
SP - 3110
EP - 3144
JO - Global Change Biology
JF - Global Change Biology
SN - 1354-1013
IS - 9
ER -
