TY - JOUR

T1 - Plant invasions into mountains and alpine ecosystems

T2 - current status and future challenges

AU - Alexander, Jake M.

AU - Lembrechts, Jonas J.

AU - Cavieres, Lohengrin A.

AU - Daehler, Curtis

AU - Haider, Sylvia

AU - Kueffer, Christoph

AU - Liu, Gang

AU - McDougall, Keith

AU - Milbau, Ann

AU - Pauchard, Aníbal

AU - Rew, Lisa J.

AU - Seipel, Tim

N1 - Funding Information: We thank Agustina Barros, Verónica Sandoya, Ileana Herrera and Estefany Goncalves for contributing data. AP and LAC were funded by the Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity with the grants ICM P05-002 and CONICYT PFB-23. LAC also acknowledges funding from FONDECYT 1130592. JJL was funded by the Research Foundation – Flanders (FWO). GL was supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (GK201503044). Publisher Copyright: © 2016, Swiss Botanical Society.

PY - 2016/7/20

Y1 - 2016/7/20

N2 - Recent years have seen a surge of interest in understanding patterns and processes of plant invasions into mountains. Here, we synthesise current knowledge about the spread of non-native plants along elevation gradients, emphasising the current status and impacts that these species have in alpine ecosystems. Globally, invasions along elevation gradients are influenced by propagule availability, environmental constraints on population growth, evolutionary change and biotic interactions. The highest elevations are so far relatively free from non-native plants. Nonetheless, in total nearly 200 non-native plant species have been recorded from alpine environments around the world. However, we identified only three species as specifically cold-adapted, with the overwhelming majority having their centres of distribution under warmer environments, and few have substantial impacts on native communities. A combination of low propagule availability and low invasibility likely explain why alpine environments host few non-native plants relative to lowland ecosystems. However, experiences in some areas demonstrate that alpine ecosystems are not inherently resistant to invasions. Furthermore, they will face increasing pressure from the introduction of pre-adapted species, climate change, and the range expansion of native species, which are already causing concern in some areas. Nonetheless, because they are still relatively free from non-native plants, preventative action could be an effective way to limit future impacts of invasions in alpine environments.

AB - Recent years have seen a surge of interest in understanding patterns and processes of plant invasions into mountains. Here, we synthesise current knowledge about the spread of non-native plants along elevation gradients, emphasising the current status and impacts that these species have in alpine ecosystems. Globally, invasions along elevation gradients are influenced by propagule availability, environmental constraints on population growth, evolutionary change and biotic interactions. The highest elevations are so far relatively free from non-native plants. Nonetheless, in total nearly 200 non-native plant species have been recorded from alpine environments around the world. However, we identified only three species as specifically cold-adapted, with the overwhelming majority having their centres of distribution under warmer environments, and few have substantial impacts on native communities. A combination of low propagule availability and low invasibility likely explain why alpine environments host few non-native plants relative to lowland ecosystems. However, experiences in some areas demonstrate that alpine ecosystems are not inherently resistant to invasions. Furthermore, they will face increasing pressure from the introduction of pre-adapted species, climate change, and the range expansion of native species, which are already causing concern in some areas. Nonetheless, because they are still relatively free from non-native plants, preventative action could be an effective way to limit future impacts of invasions in alpine environments.

KW - Biology

KW - Climate change

KW - Elevation gradient

KW - Mountain

KW - Non-native plant

KW - Range expansion

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=84979210606&partnerID=8YFLogxK

UR - https://www.mendeley.com/catalogue/3ec21eb6-7bd2-3b4e-9e97-56c20c33f84b/

U2 - 10.1007/s00035-016-0172-8

DO - 10.1007/s00035-016-0172-8

M3 - Scientific review articles

AN - SCOPUS:84979210606

VL - 126

SP - 89

EP - 103

JO - Alpine Botany

JF - Alpine Botany

SN - 1664-2201

IS - 2

ER -