TY - JOUR

T1 - Multilayer Material System Analysis of wind turbines

T2 - correlation of stocks and flows in the EU of six metals and two drivetrain technologies

AU - Godoy León, María Fernanda

AU - Balsells Llort, Cristina

AU - Demuytere, Célestin

AU - Bobba, Silvia

AU - Tazi, Nacef

AU - Dewulf, Jo

N1 - Publisher Copyright: © 2025

PY - 2025/8/1

Y1 - 2025/8/1

N2 - Projections anticipate wind energy as the EU's primary electricity source by 2050. Despite EU leadership in wind power component manufacturing, heavy reliance on imported raw materials, many critical, poses challenges. Understanding wind turbine material cycles' connection to raw materials supply chains is limited, hindering efforts to establish a domestic supply chain. To address this gap, a Multilayer Material System Analysis (MMSA) is employed at the EU level, estimating flows and stocks of six metals (aluminium, copper, iron, manganese, neodymium, and nickel) in wind turbines, differentiated by drivetrain technologies. Five indicators, including self-sufficiency potential (SSP), were calculated for each metal and for wind turbines overall. In 2021, around 4100 kt of material entered the use phase, with 1130 kt leaving at end-of-life; 88 % due to component failures, and 12 % from decommissioning. Recycling processes recovered around 990 kt. Nickel, manganese, aluminium, and neodymium exhibit SSP values below 50 %, with Nd being particularly critical, resulting in a zero SSP and 100 % End-of-Life Downcycling Rate (EoL-DR). A comprehensive understanding of wind turbine value chains enables tailored policy measures to maximize product and component circularity, thereby prolonging material lifecycles. This study serves as a foundation for further analysis exploring the impacts of various circular strategies.

AB - Projections anticipate wind energy as the EU's primary electricity source by 2050. Despite EU leadership in wind power component manufacturing, heavy reliance on imported raw materials, many critical, poses challenges. Understanding wind turbine material cycles' connection to raw materials supply chains is limited, hindering efforts to establish a domestic supply chain. To address this gap, a Multilayer Material System Analysis (MMSA) is employed at the EU level, estimating flows and stocks of six metals (aluminium, copper, iron, manganese, neodymium, and nickel) in wind turbines, differentiated by drivetrain technologies. Five indicators, including self-sufficiency potential (SSP), were calculated for each metal and for wind turbines overall. In 2021, around 4100 kt of material entered the use phase, with 1130 kt leaving at end-of-life; 88 % due to component failures, and 12 % from decommissioning. Recycling processes recovered around 990 kt. Nickel, manganese, aluminium, and neodymium exhibit SSP values below 50 %, with Nd being particularly critical, resulting in a zero SSP and 100 % End-of-Life Downcycling Rate (EoL-DR). A comprehensive understanding of wind turbine value chains enables tailored policy measures to maximize product and component circularity, thereby prolonging material lifecycles. This study serves as a foundation for further analysis exploring the impacts of various circular strategies.

KW - Circular economy

KW - Critical raw materials

KW - Indicators

KW - material flow analysis

KW - Multilayer material system analysis

KW - Wind turbines

KW - Sustainability Governance

KW - Environmental Governance

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=105007782141&partnerID=8YFLogxK

U2 - 10.1016/j.jclepro.2025.145794

DO - 10.1016/j.jclepro.2025.145794

M3 - Journal articles

AN - SCOPUS:105007782141

VL - 518

JO - Journal of Cleaner Production

JF - Journal of Cleaner Production

SN - 0959-6526

M1 - 145794

ER -