TY - JOUR

T1 - Green solvents in microextraction of pharmaceuticals

T2 - Application and comparison of deep eutectic solvents and ionic liquids

AU - Shokouh, Sahar

AU - Daryanavard, Seyed Mosayeb

AU - Suzaei, Foad Mashayekhi

AU - Fuente-Ballesteros, Adrián

AU - Saenjum, Chalermpong

N1 - Publisher Copyright: © 2025 The Author(s)

PY - 2025/12

Y1 - 2025/12

N2 - Forward-looking, sustainable, and green approaches in analytical chemistry have become a significant topic worldwide. This has attracted considerable attention from scientists in improving methods for analyzing a broad area of analytes and samples, such as pharmaceuticals in biological matrices. These enhancements generally adhere to principles of Green Chemistry (GC) and Green Analytical Chemistry (GAC). To align with these principles, utilizing green materials and solvents, such as deep eutectic solvents (DESs) and ionic liquids (ILs), has proven to be highly effective in making analytical chemistry approaches more environmentally friendly. Building on these principles, we consider specific applications of green solvents in microextraction techniques by analyzing published studies, which have focused on developing solid-phase and liquid-phase microextraction of pharmaceuticals, using DESs and ILs in biological samples. Here, we explored the applicability of these green solvents in microextraction approaches and examined how the analytical results might be affected. We also focused on the different types of DESs and ILs, their characteristics, their ecotoxicity and biodegradability. Furthermore, we examined the advantages and disadvantages of these solvents, addressing both aspects common to all microextraction methods and those specific to individual approaches. Finally, we highlighted the current challenges in this field and outlined future perspectives to overcome them.

AB - Forward-looking, sustainable, and green approaches in analytical chemistry have become a significant topic worldwide. This has attracted considerable attention from scientists in improving methods for analyzing a broad area of analytes and samples, such as pharmaceuticals in biological matrices. These enhancements generally adhere to principles of Green Chemistry (GC) and Green Analytical Chemistry (GAC). To align with these principles, utilizing green materials and solvents, such as deep eutectic solvents (DESs) and ionic liquids (ILs), has proven to be highly effective in making analytical chemistry approaches more environmentally friendly. Building on these principles, we consider specific applications of green solvents in microextraction techniques by analyzing published studies, which have focused on developing solid-phase and liquid-phase microextraction of pharmaceuticals, using DESs and ILs in biological samples. Here, we explored the applicability of these green solvents in microextraction approaches and examined how the analytical results might be affected. We also focused on the different types of DESs and ILs, their characteristics, their ecotoxicity and biodegradability. Furthermore, we examined the advantages and disadvantages of these solvents, addressing both aspects common to all microextraction methods and those specific to individual approaches. Finally, we highlighted the current challenges in this field and outlined future perspectives to overcome them.

KW - Deep eutectic solvents

KW - Green analytical chemistry

KW - Green solvents

KW - Ionic liquids

KW - Liquid-phase microextraction

KW - Pharmaceutical analysis

KW - Solid-phase microextraction

KW - Chemistry

UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105015352599

U2 - 10.1016/j.greeac.2025.100296

DO - 10.1016/j.greeac.2025.100296

M3 - Scientific review articles

AN - SCOPUS:105015352599

VL - 15

JO - Green Analytical Chemistry

JF - Green Analytical Chemistry

SN - 2772-5774

M1 - 100296

ER -