TY - JOUR

T1 - Biodegradability of the X-Ray Contrast Compound Diatrizoic Acid, Identification of Aerobic Degradation Products and Effects against Sewage Sludge Micro-Organisms

AU - Haiß, Annette

AU - Kümmerer, Klaus

N1 - Funding Information: The authors wish to thank Kerstin Römpp and Irg Bulowsky (Institute of Environmental Medicine and Hospital Epidemiology) for their help with the experiments and Mrs. Rehmann from Schering AG (Berlin) for IR, NMR, and mass spectrometry. This work was supported by Schering AG, Berlin by partial funding of the experimental programme, providing the contrast agents and analytical expertise for IR, NMR and mass spectrometric techniques.

PY - 2006/1/1

Y1 - 2006/1/1

N2 - Pharmaceuticals and contrast media have been detected in hospital effluents, sewage treatment plants, surface water, and ground water. Only little is known about their elimination during sewage treatment and effects of possible biotransformation products against bacteria. The modified Zahn–Wellens test (ZWT, OECD 302 B) and a test simulating biological sewage treatment (modified OECD 303 A test) were used to assess the biodegradability of the widely used ionic iodinated contrast agent diatrizoic acid (diatrizoate). Effects against sewage sludge bacteria were studied in the two test systems by monitoring the biomarkers quinones, polyamines, phospholipids and adenosine triphosphate. Diatrizoate was biotransformed into 2,4,6-triiodo-3,5-diamino-benzoic acid in the ZWT. 2,4,6-Triiodo-3,5-diamino-benzoic acid was stable under the test conditions of the ZWT. Diatrizoate was not eliminated in the OECD 303 A simulation test. It was not adsorbed by the sewage sludge. No effects of the test compound or its aerobic transformation products against the bacteria present in the sewage sludge were detected using phospholipids, quinones, polyamines, and adenosine triphosphate as biomarkers.

AB - Pharmaceuticals and contrast media have been detected in hospital effluents, sewage treatment plants, surface water, and ground water. Only little is known about their elimination during sewage treatment and effects of possible biotransformation products against bacteria. The modified Zahn–Wellens test (ZWT, OECD 302 B) and a test simulating biological sewage treatment (modified OECD 303 A test) were used to assess the biodegradability of the widely used ionic iodinated contrast agent diatrizoic acid (diatrizoate). Effects against sewage sludge bacteria were studied in the two test systems by monitoring the biomarkers quinones, polyamines, phospholipids and adenosine triphosphate. Diatrizoate was biotransformed into 2,4,6-triiodo-3,5-diamino-benzoic acid in the ZWT. 2,4,6-Triiodo-3,5-diamino-benzoic acid was stable under the test conditions of the ZWT. Diatrizoate was not eliminated in the OECD 303 A simulation test. It was not adsorbed by the sewage sludge. No effects of the test compound or its aerobic transformation products against the bacteria present in the sewage sludge were detected using phospholipids, quinones, polyamines, and adenosine triphosphate as biomarkers.

KW - Biomarker

KW - Diatrizoate

KW - Iodinated X-ray contrast media

KW - Metabolite

KW - Sewage treatment

KW - Zahn-Wellens test

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=28444493966&partnerID=8YFLogxK

UR - https://www.mendeley.com/catalogue/e367cb02-69e6-3ce6-9616-15c5fb5effbe/

U2 - 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.05.007

DO - 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.05.007

M3 - Journal articles

C2 - 16039694

VL - 62

SP - 294

EP - 302

JO - Chemosphere

JF - Chemosphere

SN - 0045-6535

IS - 2

ER -